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Health-related developments, diseases, recommendations for a fitter, fit and long-lived life, doctor's advice, expert statements, and new developments to combat diseases.

Health is not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, but a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity."[1][2] This definition is controversial, as it may have limited value for practice. [3][4][5] Health can be defined as the ability to adapt and manage physical, mental and social challenges throughout life.

The meaning of health has evolved throughout history. From a biomedical perspective, the first definitions of health focused on the body's ability to function. Health was viewed as a normal functional state that could occasionally be disrupted by disease. An example of such a definition of health is: "a condition characterized by anatomical, physiological, and psychological integrity; ability to perform personally valuable family, work, and community roles; ability to cope with physical, biological, psychological, and social stress."[7] Later, 1948. In , in a radical departure from previous definitions, the World Health Organization (WHO) proposed a higher-targeted definition: linking health with general well-being, "a state of general physical, mental and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease and ailment."[8] While this definition is welcomed by some as innovative, it has also been interpreted as vague, overly broad and immeasurable. It was long shelved as an impractical ideal, and most health-related debates have returned to the applicability of the biomedical model.[9]

While there has been a shift towards treating disease as a process rather than a state, the same shift has occurred in definitions of health. Likewise, WHO played a leading role when it supported the development of the health promotion movement in the 1980s. This brought a new understanding of health, not as a state, but as dynamically resilience, in other words, as a "resource for life". In 1984, the WHO changed the definition of health as "the degree to which an individual or group achieves aspirations, meets needs, and is able to change or cope with the environment". Health is a resource for everyday life; it is a positive concept emphasizing physical capacities as well as social and personal resources, not the purpose of life.[10] Thus, health means the ability to maintain homeostasis and get rid of problems. Mental, intellectual, emotional and social health refers to the ability of an individual to cope with stress, learning ability and maintaining relationships, which are among the abilities that are resources for flexibility and independent living.[9] This offers many possibilities for teaching, strengthening and learning about health.

Since the late 1970s, the federal Healthy People Initiative has been a visible part of the United States' approach to improving population health.[11][12]

A new edition of Healthy People is released every decade.[13] It includes updated targets for health improvement and identifies subject areas and measurable objectives, with assessments or deficiencies at this point of progress, over the next ten years. Progress has been limited to many goals, raising concerns about the effectiveness of Healthy People in shaping outcomes in the context of a decentralized and uncoordinated US healthcare system. Healthy People 2020 places greater emphasis on health promotion and preventive approaches and focuses on the importance of addressing the social determinants of health. The newly expanded digital interface makes it easier to use and disseminate compared to volume print books produced in the past. The impact of these changes on Healthy People will be determined in the coming years.[14] Systematic activities to prevent or improve health problems and to protect human health are undertaken by health care providers.

Animal health related applications are provided by veterinary sciences. The term "healthy" is also used in terms of many kinds of non-living organisms and healthy societies, healthy cities or healthy environments and their effects on human benefit. In addition to health care interventions and a person's environment, many other factors are known to affect individuals' health status, including their background, lifestyle, and economic, social conditions, and spirituality. These are called “determinants of health”. Studies show that high levels of stress can affect human health.[15]

21. In the first decade of the 20th century, efforts to improve human health The conceptualization of health as a skill, as the main indicators for evaluating the performance of the animals, opened the door for self-assessments.[16] It has created an opportunity for every person to feel healthy, even in the presence of multiple chronic diseases or in a fatal condition, and at the same time, it has created an opportunity to re-examine the determinants of health, away from the traditional approach that focuses on reducing the incidence of diseases.[17]

Identifiers

In general, the general conditions in which an individual lives are of great importance in determining both his health status and quality of life. It is increasingly recognized that health is maintained and improved not only by the development and application of the health sciences, but also by the efforts of the individual and society, and by wisely made lifestyle choices. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the main determinants of health include the social and economic environment, the physical environment, and a person's individual characteristics and behaviors.[18]

More specifically, key factors that have been found to influence whether people are healthy or unhealthy include the following:[18][19][20]

Income and social class
Community Support networks
Education and literacy
Job/working conditions
Social environment
Physical environment

Personal health practices and coping skills
Healthy child development
Biology and genetics
Health services
Gender
Culture

A growing number of studies and reports from different institutions and fields are examining the links between health and different factors. Some of these factors are lifestyles, environment, health institutions and health policy. A specific health policy that has been implemented in many countries in recent years was the introduction of a sugar tax. With rising concerns about obesity, especially among young people, beverage taxes have emerged. Sugar-sweetened beverages have become the target of anti-obesity initiatives, with increasing evidence of their link with obesity.[20] [21][22] These include the Alameda District Study in California, the Lalonde report from Canada in 1974, and the World Health Organization's World Health Report series that focus on global health issues, including access to healthcare and improving public health outcomes. [23]

The concept of "health space", as distinct from medical care, emerged from the Lalonde report from Canada. The report identified three interdependent areas as key determinants of an individual's health. These are:[20]

Lifestyle: the total impact of personal decisions (which are within the individual's control) that can be said to contribute to or cause illness or death;
Environmental: all matters related to health outside the human body over which the individual has little or no control;
Biomedicine: all aspects of physical and mental health that develop in the human body under the influence of genetic makeup.

The protection and promotion of health is achieved through different combinations of physical, mental and social well-being, sometimes referred to as the "health triangle".[24][25] The World Health Organization's Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, published in 1986, stated that health is a resource for everyday life, not a condition or purpose of life. Health is a positive concept that emphasizes social and personal resources as well as social capacities.[26]

Data from the Alameda District Study, which focuses more on lifestyle issues and associations with functional health, suggest that people can improve their health by exercising regularly, getting enough sleep, spending time in nature, maintaining a healthy body weight, and limiting alcohol use and avoiding smoking. recommends.[27] Health and illness can coexist, as even people with multiple chronic or terminal illnesses can see themselves as healthy.[28]

The environment is stated as an important factor affecting the health status of individuals. This includes the natural environment, the built environment, and the social environment. Factors such as clean water and air, adequate shelter, and safe communities and roads have all been found to contribute to overall health, particularly the health of infants and children.[18][29] Some studies have shown that the absence of factors such as natural areas and recreational areas in settlements leads to decreased personal satisfaction associated with general health and well-being, and increased obesity levels.[30] It has been shown that the increase in time spent in natural environments is associated with positive outcomes in individuals' self-assessments of health status. This suggests that in urban neighborhoods, the positive health effects of natural areas should be considered in public policy and land use.

Genetic or inherited from parents Characteristics also play a role in determining the health status of individuals and communities. This may include genetic susceptibility to certain diseases and health conditions, as well as habits and behaviors that individuals develop through their lifestyles while they are with their families. For example, genetics may play a role in the way people cope with stress mentally, emotionally or physically. Obesity is a major problem in the United States that contributes to poor mental health and causes stress in the lives of many people.[31]

Potential issues

A number of health problems are common around the world. The disease is one of the most common of these. According to Globalissues.org, approximately 36 million people die each year from noncommunicable diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, and chronic lung disease (Shah, 2014).

Among both viral and bacterial infectious diseases, AIDS/HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria are the most common, causing millions of deaths each year. (Shah, 2014).

Another health problem that causes death or contributes to other health problems, especially among children, is malnutrition. One of the groups most affected by malnutrition is young children. About 7.5 million children under the age of 5 die of malnutrition, often due to a lack of money to find food or cook.

Bodily injuries are also a common health problem worldwide. These injuries, including broken bones, cracks and burns, can reduce the quality of life of individuals or cause death due to reasons such as infections in general from the injury or the severity of the injury. (Moffett, 2013).[32]

Many times, lifestyle choices are a contributing factor to poor health. These can be smoking, overeating, following an overly restrictive diet and, by extension, a poor diet. Inactivity can contribute to general health problems and lack of sleep, excessive alcohol consumption and neglect of oral hygiene. (Moffett, 2013). There are also genetic disorders that are inherited and can vary in how much they affect the person and when they appear.

Although the majority of these health problems are preventable, the biggest contributor to the global ill-health situation is the lack of access to healthcare systems for nearly 1 billion people. (Shah, 2014). Probably the most common and harmful health problem is that many people do not have access to quality solutions.[33][34]

Mental health

The World Health Organization defines mental health as “a state of well-being in which an individual can realize his/her abilities, cope with the normal stresses of life, work productively and efficiently, and contribute to society.”[35] Mental Health is not just the absence of mental illness.[35] 36]

Mental illness is defined as “the spectrum of cognitive, emotional and behavioral conditions that affect social and emotional well-being and people's lives and productivity”. Having a mental illness can severely impair a person's mental functioning, either temporarily or permanently. Other terms include: 'mental health problem', 'illness', 'disorder', 'dysfunction'[37]

About one-fifth of all adults aged 18 years and older in the United States are able to be diagnosed with a mental illness. Mental illness is the biggest cause of disability in the US and Canada. Examples include schizophrenia, ADHD, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and autism.[38]

Many young people suffer from mental health problems in response to the pressures of society and the social problems they face. Some of the main mental health problems seen in teenagers are: depression, eating disorders and drug addiction. There are many ways to prevent these health problems from happening, such as communicating well with a teenager suffering from mental health issues. Mental health disorders are treatable, and caring for young people's behavior can help.[39]

Many factors contribute to mental health problems, including:

Biological factors such as genes or brain chemistry
Life experiences such as trauma or abuse
Family history of mental health problems[40]

Protection of Health

Achieving and maintaining health is a continuous process shaped by the evolution of health care knowledge and practices, as well as personal strategies and regular interventions to stay healthy.

Diet

Percentage of overweight or obese population in 2010 , Information source: OECD's iLibrary.[41][42]
Obese population rate in 2010, Information Source: OECD's iLibrary.[41][43]

An important way to protect personal health is a healthy diet. A healthy diet provides many types of nutrients to the body. includes plant and animal foods. These nutrients give the body energy and enable it to maintain its functions. Nutrients help build and strengthen bones, muscles and tendons, as well as regulate body processes (e.g. blood pressure). The food guide pyramid is a pyramid-shaped guide of healthy foods divided into sections. Each section shows the recommended intake for each food group (ie Protein, Fat, Carbohydrates and Sugars). Making healthy food choices is important because it can reduce the risk of heart disease and the likelihood of developing certain types of cancer, and will contribute to maintaining a healthy weight.[44]

The Mediterranean diet is frequently associated with health-promoting effects, as it contains some bioactive compounds such as phenols, isoprenoids, and alkaloids.[45]

Exercise

Main article: Exercise

Physical exercise increases or helps maintain physical fitness and general health and well-being; strengthens the muscles and improves the cardiovascular system. According to the National Institutes of Health, there are 4 types of exercise: endurance, strength, flexibility, and balance[46]

Sleep

Main articles: Sleep and Insomnia

Sleep is an essential component for maintaining good health. Sleep in children is also vital for growth and development. Ongoing insomnia has been associated with an increased risk for certain chronic health problems. In addition, it has been shown that insomnia both increases susceptibility to diseases and is correlated with prolongation of recovery times.[47] In a study, it was found that people with chronic sleep deprivation who slept six hours or less a night were four times more likely to catch a cold than those who reported that they slept seven hours or more per night.[48] Sleep has an important role in regulating human metabolism, and insomnia can lead to weight loss or make it difficult to lose weight.[49] In addition, the International Cancer Research Agency, a cancer research institution affiliated to the World Health Organization, in a declaration published in 2007, stated that working hours that disrupt sarcadian rhythms probably have a carcinogenic effect on humans, emphasizing especially long-term night jobs that disrupt sleep patterns.[50] In 2015, the National Sleep Center published an updated set of recommendations on sleep needs by age, reporting that individuals who habitually sleep outside of the normal sleep range may show signs and symptoms of serious health problems, and that health and general well-being may be compromised if this is done deliberately.[ 51]

Age and Condition Sleep Needs
Newborns (0–3 months) 14 - 17 hours
Babies (4–11 months) 12 - 15 hours
Babies (1–2 years) 11 - 14 hours
Preschool (3–5 years) 10 - 13 hours
Children (6–13 years) 9 - 11 hours
Teenagers (14–17 years) 8 - 10 hours
Adults (18–64 years) 7 - 9 hours
Seniors (65 years and older) 7 - 8 hours

Role of science

[File:Nieuws uit Indonesië, het werk van de Nederlandse dienst voor Volksgezondheid Weeknummer 46-21 - Open Beelden - 16742.ogv] Play media
The Dutch Public Health Service rendering medical care to the Dutch East Indies natives in May 1946.

Health sciences is a branch of science that focuses on health. There are two main approaches to health science: the study and research of the human body and health-related issues to understand how the human body (and animals) functions; and applying this knowledge to promote health and to prevent and treat disease and other physical and mental disorders. Science is built on many subfields, including biology, biochemistry, physics, epidemiology, pharmacology, medical sociology. It tries to better understand and improve human health with applications in fields such as applied health sciences, health education, biomedical engineering, biotechnology and public health.

Organized interventions based on principles and practices developed in health sciences to improve health are carried out through medicine, nursing, nutrition, pharmacy, social work, psychology, occupational therapy, physical therapy and other health professions. While clinical professionals focus on individual health, community health professionals deal with the overall health of communities and populations. Workplace health programs are adopted to promote the health and general well-being of workers, while school health services are adopted to promote the health and general well-being of children.

Role of public health

Post stamp, New Zealand, 1933. Public health is promoted and depicted in various ways.

Public health is defined as "preventing disease, prolonging life expectancy and improving life expectancy through the organized efforts and conscious choices of societies, private and public institutions, communities and individuals. [52] It deals with threats to the general health of a community based on population health analysis. The population in question may be as small as a handful of people or as many as people living on more than one continent (for example, a pandemic). Community health has many subfields, but typically includes epidemiology, biostatistics, and health care interdisciplinary categories, with Environmental Health, community health, behavioral health, and occupational health also being important community health subcategories.

The focus of public health interventions is to prevent and manage diseases, injuries and other health conditions through the promotion of healthy behaviors, communities and monitoring of the environment. Its purpose is to prevent or prevent the recurrence of health problems through the execution of education programs, the development of health policies, service practices and researches.[53] As in the case of an epidemic, being able to treat a disease or contain a pathogen is often vital. Vaccination programs, including education campaigns to promote vaccination and condom use (including overcoming resistance to it), and distribution of condoms to prevent the spread of communicable diseases are examples of common preventive public health measures.

Public health also takes various actions to limit health-related inequalities in countries, continents or different parts of the world. One situation relates to financial, geographical and socio-cultural barriers to individuals or communities' access to health services.[54] The practices of the community health system include maternal and child health, health services management, emergency response and prevention and control of infectious and chronic diseases.

The enormous impact of community health programs is largely taken for granted. With the contribution of policies and practices developed through public health, the 20th century has been marked by the decline in infant and child mortality rates and the continuing increase in life expectancy in most of the world. For example, life expectancy for Americans is estimated to have increased by thirty years since 1900, and by 6 years worldwide since 1990.[55][56]

Personal care strategies

A lady washing her hands. 1655

Personal health depends in part on the active, passive, and supported cues that people observe and adopt about their own health. These include personal practices to prevent or minimize the effects of a disease, often a chronic condition, through integrative care. In addition to bathing and washing hands with soap, flossing and brushing the teeth; It also includes the personal hygiene practices necessary to store, prepare and handle food safely and to prevent infection and disease, among many others. Information gathered from personal observations of daily life (for example, about sleep patterns, exercise behavior, nutrition and environmental characteristics), personal decisions and actions (e.g. "I feel tired in the morning, so I will try sleeping on a different pillow"), as well as clinical decisions and treatment plans (eg, a patient who notices that his shoes are tighter than normal may have an exacerbation of left heart failure and may need to take diuretic medication to prevent fluid overload.).[57]

Personal health may also be partially related to the social structure of life. Maintaining strong social relationships, volunteering and other social activities has been associated with good mental health and longevity. A study conducted in the USA revealed that the elderly over 70 years of age, who frequently engage in volunteering activities, regardless of their physical health, have a lower risk of death than those who do not.[58] Another study from Singapore reported that retirees who volunteered had significantly higher cognitive performance scores, less depressive symptoms, and overall better mental health and life satisfaction than retirees who did not.[59]

Long-term psychological stress can negatively affect health, and it is shown as a factor in cognitive deterioration along with aging, depressive disorder and disease symptoms.[60] Stress management is the application of methods to reduce stress or increase resistance to stress. Relaxation techniques are physical methods of relieving stress. Cognitive therapy, meditation, and positive thinking are psychological methods that are beneficial by reducing the severity of the response to stress. Developing relevant skills, such as problem solving and time management, reduces uncertainty and reinforces confidence, which in turn leads to interest. Reduces response to stressful situations where i abilities can be applied.

Professional

Main article: Job security

In addition to the safety risks, many occupations carry the risk of disease, illness, and other long-term health problems. Among the most common occupational diseases are various types of pneumoconiosis, including silicosis and coal workers' pneumoconiosis (black lung disease). Asthma is another workplace respiratory illness to which many workers are susceptible. Employees may also be susceptible to skin diseases such as eczema, dermatitis, urticaria, sunburn and skin cancer.[61][62] Other occupational diseases of concern include carpal tunnel syndrome and lead poisoning.

As the number of Service sector jobs in developed countries increased, more and more jobs became dormant and a different set of health problems began to emerge from those associated with manufacturing and the primary sector. Contemporary problems such as increasing obesity and issues related to stress and overwork in many countries have further complicated the interaction between work and health.

Many governments see occupational health as a social issue and have established public institutions to ensure the health and safety of workers. Examples of these are the British Health and Safety Administration, and in the United States, the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, which conducts research on occupational health and safety, and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, which conducts regulations and policies regarding occupational health and safety.