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Fashion (Latin modo "right now") is a general term for a popular style or practice, especially in apparel, footwear, accessories, makeup, piercings or furniture. Fashion determines the consumption trends of these objects as well as how the objects are used in a certain period of the society.[1]
Due to increased production of commodities and clothing with lower prices and global reach, sustainability has become a pressing issue among politicians, brands and consumers.
Fashion is generally a constantly changing perception and each period has a different fashion.[2] For example, when someone living in the 2000s looks at 1980s clothes, they don't like them and they look old. This can be exemplified by the outdated expression. Fashion, however, is referred to as a temporary innovation that enters the life of society with the need for change or the desire to embellish in Italian. Another meaning of fashion is social admiration that is active for a certain period of time, excessive fondness for something.[3]
Fashion concepts
General terms
Digital fashion
Fashion accessory
Fashion matrix
fashion museum
Fashion plate
Fashion tourism
Fashion show
fashion week
Dress code
Undress
Fashion activism
Anti-fashion
Sustainable fashion
Slow fashion
Fashion revolution
Garbage fashion
Zero waste fashion
Victim of fashion
drip fashion
Fashion industry
Designer clothes
Haute Couture
Fashion blog
Fashion capital
fashion design
Fashion entrepreneur
Fashion editor
Fashion forecast
Fashion illustration
Fashion influencer
Fashion journalism
Fashion law
fashion photography
Fashion trade
Fast fashion
Red carpet fashion
Alternative fashion
Rocker
Greaser
Glam
grunge fashion
Heavy metal fashion
Punk fashion
Skatepunk
rockabilly
Emo
street fashion
gothic fashion
skinhead
Steampunk fashion
Genderqueer fashion
Lolita fashion
Fetish fashion
By country
American fashion
Philippines fashion
Turkish fashion
French fashion
German fashion
Italian fashion
Iranian fashion
Israeli fashion
Indian fashion
Japanese fashion
Nigerian fashion
South Korean fashion
Soviet Union fashion
Fashion (Latin modo "immediately now") is a general term for a popular style or practice, especially in apparel, footwear, accessories, make-up, piercings or furniture. Fashion determines the consumption trends of these objects as well as how the objects are used in a certain period of the society.[1]
Due to increased production of commodities and clothing with lower prices and global reach, sustainability has become a hot topic among politicians, brands and consumers.
Fashion is generally a constantly changing perception and each period has a different fashion.[2] For example, when someone living in the 2000s looks at the clothes of the 1980s, they belittle them and look old to them. This can be exemplified by the outdated expression. Fashion, however, in Italian, is a temporary innovation that enters the community world with the need for change or the desire to embellish. Another meaning of fashion is social taste, which is active for a certain period of time, and excessive fondness for something.[3]
Fashion concepts
General terms
Digital fashion
Fashion accessory
Fashion matrix
fashion museum
Fashion plate
Fashion tourism
Fashion show
fashion week
Dress code
Undressing
Fashion activism
Anti-fashion
Sustainable fashion
Slow fashion
Fashion revolution
Garbage fashion
Zero waste fashion
Fashion victim
drip fashion
Fashion industry
Designer clothes
Haute Couture
Fashion blog
Fashion capital
fashion design
Fashion entrepreneur
Fashion editor
Fashion forecast
Fashion illustration
Fashion influencer
Fashion journalism
Fashion law
fashion photography
Fashion trade
Fast fashion
Red carpet fashion
Alternative fashion
Rocker
Greaser
Glam
grunge fashion
Heavy metal fashion
Punk fashion
Skatepunk
Rockabilly
Emo
street fashion
gothic fashion
skinhead
Steampunk fashion
Genderqueer fashion
Lolita fashion
Fetish fashion
By country
American fashion
F
hilippines fashion
Turkish fashion
French fashion
German fashion
Italian fashion
Iranian fashion
Israeli fashion
Indian fashion
Japanese fashion
Nigerian fashion
South Korean fashion
Soviet Union fashion
Sustainable fashion is a trend that has developed against fast fashion in the fashion industry and aims to change the fashion products and system by advocating ecological integrity and social justice. It is an approach that deals not only with the product, but also with the social, cultural, ecological and financial systems that fashion is associated with.
The term sustainable fashion, whose foundations were laid with the environmental movement, is based on the belief that a business model that prioritizes social value and welfare can be adopted in the sector.
Contents
1 Background
2 Purpose
3 Temporary concerns about fashion
3.1 Fast fashion
3.2 Slow fashion
3.3 Product use and life
4 Fashion environmental concerns
5 Social concerns about fashion
5.1 Transparency
5.2 Diversity and inclusion
5.3 Fair trade
6 Global concerns about fashion
7 Economic concerns about fashion
8 Sustainable clothing
9 Recycled Clothing
9.1 Upcycling
9.2 Dead stock
9.3 Recycled raw materials
10 Sustainable consumption practices for longer product life
10.1 Consumer involvement
10.2 Clothing change practices
10.3 Ready-to-wear rental
10.4 Garment care
11 Sustainable clothing through charities
11.1 Clothing donations
11.2 Example charities
11.3 Controversial circumstances
11.4 Shipment of products
11.5 Textile recycling
12 Sustainable fashion organizations and companies
12.1 Organizations
12.2 Companies
13 Ingredients
13.1 Cellulose fiber
13.1.1 Cotton
13.1.1.1 Bt cotton
13.1.1.2 Organic cotton
13.1.1.3 Naturally colored cotton
13.1.2 Soy
13.1.3 Hemp
13.1.4 Bamboo
13.1.5 Kombucha
13.1.6 Other types of cellulose fiber
13.2 Protein fiber
13.2.1 Wool
13.2.2 Silk
13.2.3 Cashmere
13.3 Other organic materials
13.3.1 MuSkin (artificial leather)
13.3.2 Rubber
13.3.3 Qmilk
13.4 Processed fiber
13.4.1 PET Plastic
13.5 Fungi species
14 Production
14.1 Manufacturers
14.2 3D seamless knitting
14.3 Zero waste
14.4 Painting
14.5 Comparison sites and eco tags
14.6 Sustainable textile brands
14.7 Designers
14.8 Local manufacturing
14.9 Technical textile
15 Controversial situations
15.1 Green painting
15.2 Discussions on materials
15.3 Discussions on second-hand products
15.4 Marketing discussions
15.5 Discussions on shipping
16 The future of sustainable fashion
17 sustainable fashion in our country
18 Bibliography
Background
The foundations of sustainable fashion were laid with the civilized environment movement. American biologist Rachel Carson's book "Silent Spring", published in 1962[1] has become one of the accepted sources on this subject, revealing the pollution caused by chemicals used in agriculture. With the passage of the phrase "development", the impact of humanity on the environment began to be the subject of more extensive research, and with the 1990s, this situation began to affect fashion.
The efforts of large companies such as Patagonia and ESPRIT, which continued to reflect environmental sensitivities in their work, especially since the late 1980s, were remarkable. Both companies have invested heavily in researching the impact of the fiber they use. Thus, Patagonia calculated the life cycle of cotton, wool, nylon and polyester, while ESPRIT sought to find better alternatives to cotton.[3]
Purpose
Proponents of the sustainable fashion movement believe that the fashion industry can act differently and prioritize social value and welfare. In this direction, they state that companies should include environmental, social and moral development in their administrative agenda.
The goal of sustainable fashion has been defined as creating developed ecosystems and communities through its activities.[4] This
In order to achieve this, it can resort to methods such as increasing the value of local production and products, extending the life cycle of materials, making timeless clothes more valuable, zeroing the amount of waste, and reducing the damage to the environment caused by production and consumption. This trend also aims to encourage environmentally friendly consumption by raising awareness among people.[5]
Temporary concerns about fashion
Fast fashion
The concept of fast fashion is a business model that emerged in the United States in 1980 and spread rapidly all over the world in the late 1900s and the beginning of the 21st century.[6]
It describes a business model that is based on the rapid production process of the products from the design to the store and responds to the needs of the market instantly.[6] Fast fashion,[7] associated with cheap, low-quality, disposable clothing,[7] ready-made clothing uses trend replication and low-quality materials to bring inexpensive styles to the public.[8] New products introduced every week and the introduction of an average of twenty new collections per year have led to a rapid expansion of both production and consumption.[7] This movement has had harmful effects on the environment, garment workers and consumers in terms of economic costs;[8] According to some sources, the fashion industry has become the second largest polluting industry in the world after oil.[7]
The fast fashion model has often been adopted by well-known brands such as Zara, H&M, GAP, Primark and TopShop.[9] Consumption and production trends in fashion; Since the 1980s, it has undergone a great change in terms of clothing consumption rate and variety of clothing. With the shift of production to Asia in the 1980s, the decline in clothing prices accelerated and over time the fashion industry became the third largest sector in the world.[7] In the face of protests that criticize this production model as being based on exploitation, as the brands improved conditions in China and wages rose, production began to shift to countries with worse conditions such as Bangladesh, India and Vietnam with lower costs.[7]
slow fashion
Slow fashion is a movement that emerged against the rapidly changing fashion trends, trends and fast production in the contemporary world.[10] The term was first used by writer and imagination activist Kate Fletcher. Fletcher defined slow fashion as "quality-oriented".[11] The basic philosophy of the slow fashion movement is to produce products that can be worn for a long time, of high quality, and that will not go out of fashion.[10] Other slow fashion pioneers point out that this move encourages slower production, combines sustainability and ethics, and ultimately encourages consumers to buy durable clothing made with local fashion styles and organic materials.[8] The slow fashion movement started the "slow design" movement. Slow imagination is a return to textile production, which is a kind of handicraft based on human labor and natural materials before the industrial revolution.[10] Slow fashion, but not adopting the classic or slowing down the production period; however, it means improving social accountability, sustainability, transparency and other core business practices as well as generating profits.[12]
Product use and life
With the effect of unconscious consumption, the service life of textile products has shortened over the years and therefore the negative footprint left in the world has increased. The global trend shows that consumers buy twice as many clothes as they did 15 years ago, but use these clothes for future periods, which is half their old usage period.[13] Extending the life of a fashion product by only 10%, for example three months, can have significant effects on its environmental footprint, such as 3 million tons less CO2 emissions, 600 million m3 less water consumption and 150,000 tons less waste generation.[14] On the other hand, it is predicted that GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions will decrease by 44% if the clothing period of a garment is doubled its current usage time. Globally, consumers waste up to $460 billion in resources each year by throwing away clothing they can continue to wear.[15]
Considering the footprint caused by the resource-intensive fashion industry, the need to develop materials and business models for the longest possible use of clothing has come to life. Models have been developed that move from a linear buy-and-dispose model to circular business models and achieve the use of their products by keeping them at the highest possible value level.[16] Circular models include durability, longevity and modularity, as well as repairability, upcycling and reusability, which extend the life of a product or delay or even prevent it from turning into waste.[14] These models should be planned starting from the design phase of the product, taking into account production, use and end-of-life processes. Consumer use, which is excluded from the design and production processes, is one of the most important stages that determines the life of the clothes.
By developing sustainable consumer behaviors, the lifespan of products can be extended by providing informed use. In line with correct labeling and care instructions aimed at raising consumer awareness, CO2 emissions can be reduced by approximately 186 million tons by 2030 with less washing and drying practices. Implementation of cyclical models such as rental, resale, repair and refurbishment for end-of-life garments can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by approximately 143 million tons by 2030.[17]
Environmental concerns for fashion
Textile is thought to be the second most polluting sector in the world, after the oil industry. Raw material, production stage, delivery to the consumer, use and each of the subsequent processes cause great harm to the environment. Many of the elements that make fashion products attractive, such as vibrant colors, prints and fabric coverings, are toxic chemicals. Laundry containing polyester leaves microfibers when washed in household washing machines. These can easily pass from sewage and wastewater treatment plants to waterways. They pose a serious threat to aquatic life as they are not biodegradable. Small creatures in the seas and oceans eat microfibers, and these chemicals, which pass to fish in this way, come to people's tables. As the need to address climate change becomes more urgent, industry sectors have stepped up to work to reduce carbon emissions.
The fashion world has a significant impact on climate change. A McKinsey study[18] showed that the global fashion industry produced an average of 2.1 billion tons of greenhouse gas emissions in 2018, equivalent to 4% of the global total. About 70% of the fashion industry's emissions come from upstream activities such as tool-making, preparation and processing, with the remaining 30% associated with aftermarket retail operations, use phase and end-of-use activities.
The fashion industry not only affects human health negatively, but also causes animal slaughter and high carbon emissions for billions of dollars, and consumes 79 billion cubic meters of water annually. While pure water is used to a large extent in the dyeing and morality processes of all our clothes, it is stated that this amount will fill 32 million pools.[19] Up to 200 tons of fresh water can be used per ton of dyed fabric. In addition, up to 20,000 liters of water may be required to produce just 1 kilogram of cotton. This location puts tremendous pressure on this precious resource, which is essentially scarce, and has tragic ecological consequences in the form of desertification of the Aral Sea, where cotton production completely drains its water.[20]
Social concerns about fashion
Transparency
Transparency allows companies to form stronger value chain partnerships and raises consumers' awareness to make more informed purchasing decisions. The importance of transparency became fully evident when the Rana Plaza factory in Bangladesh collapsed in 2013, resulting in the dramatic loss of thousands of garment workers.[21] Following the Rana Plaza incident, the "Fashion Revolution", a non-profit independent social institution, emerged in England.[22] The Fashion Transparency Index, presented by the movement, aims to make global clothing brands more transparent by evaluating all business functions, from working conditions to the footprint they leave in the environment.[23] Likewise, in 2012, the "Sustainable Apparel Coalition" aiming at the sustainable production of the clothing industry developed the Higg Index, which measures the sustainability of the value chain for all industry participants. This index measures environmental and social workforce impacts throughout the value chain. In the light of this data, companies can continuously improve their sustainability performance and achieve the environmental and social transparency that consumers desire.[24]
Diversity and inclusion
Diversity means gender, sex, body image, etc. within a group of people. It represents the differences.[25] Inclusiveness, on the other hand, means that every human being is respected and appreciated as valuable members of communities whose characteristics such as appearance, abilities and disabilities.[26] The fashion industry has been criticized for being inadequate in terms of diversity and inclusion. Industry leaders are working on ways to make fashion a more diverse, inclusive, and diverse industry by hiring brands.[27] The fashion industry generally imposes a uniform perception of body and beauty. Winnie Harlow, for example, became the first model with the skin condition vitiligo to be named 'America's Next Top Model' in 2014. This situation has had a huge impact on the fashion industry, which normally imposes flawless skin. Harlow is an example of how the fashion industry is changing.
ir.[28]
Fair trade
It is known that many brands in the textile industry do not even pay the minimum legal wage. Many fashion brands assure their customers that the workers who make their garments are paid "at least legal wages". Whereas, in most producing countries (such as China, Bangladesh, India) the minimum wage is between half and one-fifth of the minimum cost of living. The minimum cost of living[29] represents the minimum wage a family needs to meet its basic needs (food, rent, health care, education, etc.). This is why so-called brands are criticized for bragging about paying their employees 5 times less than a man actually needs to live.[30]
Global concerns about fashion
The effects of the fashion industry are seen in different ways in different parts of the world. While most of the benefits of cheap and accessible clothing target and benefit the socially active classes in northern hemisphere metropolitan areas, most of the negative effects of the fashion system in terms of waste, pollution and ecological injustices fall on developing countries. The focus on "reduce, reuse, recycle" related solutions supported through brand initiatives ignores the global impact of the fashion system. Retailers and brands have the most power when creating regulations and production conditions in contemporary global supply chains. With these, China has emerged as the largest fast fashion exporter, accounting for 30% of the world's clothing exports, and Americans purchase approximately 1 billion clothes made in China each year.
Some of the measures taken by states and giant brands against this situation are as follows:
In August 2019, nearly thirty operators signed the Fashion Pact, the new roadmap to move the industry towards sustainability. The presentation of the agreement was made within the framework of the G7 summit.
The other sketch agreement signed in addition to the Fashion Pact was the New Plastics Economy, supported by the Ellen MacArthur Foundation in collaboration with companies, cities, philanthropists, politicians, academics, students and NGO groups.
Another sustainable initiative initiated by the industry in 2019 was the second version of "CEO Agenda" introduced by the Global Fashion Agenda platform.[31]
In 2018, fashion stakeholders created the "Fashion Industry Charter for Climate Action" (Ficca), which includes the vision of achieving net zero emissions by 2050, under the auspices of UN Climate Change.[32]
The Clean Clothes Campaign (CCC) is an international alliance dedicated to improving working conditions and empowering workers in the global apparel and sportswear industries.
The Fair Wear Foundation (FWF) works with brands, factories, unions, NGOs and occasionally governments to verify and improve workplace conditions in the apparel industry. FWF looks for versatile solutions with brands to improve bad working conditions step by step. More than eighty companies are members of FWF.[33]
Economic concerns over fashion
The fashion industry is a $2.5 trillion global industry, encompassing everything from textile and apparel brands to wholesalers, importers and retailers. The twin forces of technology and globalization have had huge ripple effects in the fashion industry like many other industries, creating new trends, challenges and opportunities. The effects of social media, new business models, developing production and changing demographics are leading to the potential of the fashion industry to change over the years.[34]
At this point, the problems of the “economics” criterion are production-based energy consumption, air transportation, transportation costs, excessive production, excessive consumption, pollution, and the increase in sector-related activities.[35]
Fashion businesses are trying to overcome the challenges of operating in a creative industry in a troubled economic environment. Clothing companies have to maintain their creative features and vitality, be compatible with the internet, be flexible and global in order to survive. While new products come out seasonally, fashion companies have to quickly respond to consumers' constant demand for new and special clothing, and transforming the latest fashion from the design stage into ready-to-sale products is a pressure factor not only for designers but also for the executive boards of their companies.
The issue of adapting the innovations that come with technology and globalization to fashion continues to be discussed.[36] In addition, the rise of e-commerce with technology has given rise to the increasing demand for personalization and the expectations of instant joy from more sophisticated consumers. Increasing competition in supply with the desire to meet the increasing customer demand causes complexity in fashion cycles and the necessity to maintain demand and production within the cycle. opened.[37]
In the fashion industry, companies and customers prefer less cost with the desire to make more profit, and many companies have shifted their production to countries where labor is cheap, such as Bangladesh and China. However, this situation has also brought up a serious and complex problem in the form of non-compliance with internationally acceptable labor and expenditure conditions. Fashion companies are faced with the obligation to fulfill their responsibilities in these matters and to ensure that the necessary standards are applied.[36]
England-based Labor Behind the Label, a nonprofit working for workers' rights, states that many workers in Bangladesh and other developing countries often work long hours for low wages in unsafe buildings, but are in the developing world of factories that provide jobs for millions of people. shares that it is extremely important for the economy of countries. In Bangladesh alone, an average of 3.6 million people work in the production phase of the fashion industry.
Qualified workforce is also considered as an important issue: Lida Orzeck and Gale Epstein, founders of the Hanky Panky brand, said, “Over time, it has become more difficult to find qualified personnel. In the 1980s and 1990s, as more brands moved their production overseas and local production facilities shrank, it became more difficult to find people who really knew how to cut neatly and how to deal with different types of fabrics,” he said, thus having to train their workforce in their own state. [38]
With all this, the term "circular economy" has come to the fore. “In a circular economy, the value of products and materials is retained for as long as possible. Waste and resource use are minimized and reused to create more value when a product reaches the end of its life. It has been claimed that this process will provide great economic benefits by contributing to innovation, growth and job creation.”[39]
The systems and businesses that exist in the world generally do not work for the environment; Resources are taken from the soil, nature to make the products used, and when it is decided that the work is done, it is thrown away. The result is a circular life, a circular economy. According to the Global Fashion Agenda, a fashion sustainability forum, approximately 85% of all textile products discarded in the United States are either landfilled or incinerated. It is estimated that the average US citizen throws away about 37 kg of clothing each year. Globally, an estimated 92 million tons of textile waste is produced each year, and these garments end up in landfills every second.[40]
Sustainable clothing
Sustainable clothing manufacturers consider sustainable clothing the key to reducing fashion's environmental activities; It tries to reduce the environmental effects of clothing as much as possible by avoiding chemicals that harm the environment or by reducing the consumption of materials that consume a lot of water.[41]
It is documented with nature-friendly certificates that the materials consume less water, harm nature less, protect the rights of animals and workers, and are produced without the need for chemical agricultural products. Some of these certificates are: Banana sylk, hemp (hemp fiber), peace silk (peace silk), pineapple fiber (pineapple fiber).[42]
A number of pioneering ideas for the sustainable clothing industry include:
Platforms that bring second-hand stores to customers (see: Upright in the UK)
Artificial intelligence platforms that prevent wastage of fabric by finding suitable clothing for one's body (see: MeModel and Composed Photography, services of Metail company)
Conversion of waste food into luxury goods (see: Hong Kong-based Dylecious)
Fashion platforms offering exclusive and sustainable products (see Unmade)
Recycled t-shirts produced without the use of chemicals (see Marine Layer x Recover)
E-commerce platforms offering sustainable fashion and style (see Antibad)
Using 3D scanning to avoid fabric waste (see research community Synflux)
Concept ideas that change with fashion (see Evan Stuart's Layer shoe project).
Recycled Clothing
Upcycling
Upcycling is a way to process an item to make it better than the original. It is transformation. Taking something that no longer fits, or that is stained or torn, and reshaping it as a wearable product is an example of upcycling.[43]
dead pile
Dead stock refers to goods that have been withdrawn from sale and stored before being sold to a customer. This is because the product is no longer in fashion or is otherwise outdated or has not been replaced. Such goods may be in demand again and may be resold at this stage. The return of fashion items to sale may turn it into vintage clothing. However, reusing dead stock in new products is one way to improve sustainability in the fashion industry.
it.
Recycled raw materials
Textile wastes originate from the wastes from artificial yarn factories, textile manufacturing wastes and consumer wastes. Organizations that try to produce international solutions for the textile and apparel industry are making efforts to reuse and recycle textile wastes. Apart from other recycling areas, fabric recycling is more risky and more labor-intensive. A more intense competition in fabric recycling is a matter of talk. The color of the fabric, the share of foreign matter in the fabric and its quality are the most important factors in this recycling branch. The more severely damaged a waste is, the more time it takes for its members to recycle it and it requires careful effort. The color of the fabric is also important. The more dye a fabric absorbs, the more worthless it becomes, making it a difficult waste to recycle.[44]
Sustainable consumption practices for longer product life
The term fast fashion was born after discovering the methods of producing thousands of clothes in a very fast way with cheap labor. After this discovery, since the clothes are sold at very affordable prices, consumers prefer to buy new ones instead of repairing old and damaged clothes. It is known that as of 2014, approximately 100 billion clothes were sold annually all over the world and one out of 6 people stole in the global fashion industry under heavy conditions.[45][46] With the importance of sustainability, the principle of sustainability in textile and fashion has also been adopted.
With the increasing awareness of unfair labor conditions, environmental and social conditions, consumers are also starting to search for the content of their clothes and by whom. Consumers who support sustainable fashion are expected to do the following as a result of their research.
Involvement of the consumer
This type of consumer engagement, which aims to promote fashion as a talent rather than a commodity anyway, is referred to as a "fashion skill."[47] The best way for a consumer to measure the durability of a product is how long the products provide a useful service to them. The durability of the material used in the purchased clothes is of great importance. When consumers shop for clothes on demand, in short, when they extend the life of the clothes, they reduce carbon footprint emissions. In order to extend the life of the clothes, the household should be evaluated if possible, borrowed from a friend or relative, and if there is still no solution, purchase should be made. While purchasing, care should be taken that the product is produced in high quality and ethical conditions.
Clothing change applications
When you need clothes for any reason, one of the first things that comes to mind is buying second hand. Among the common applications that perform second-hand sales in Turkey, there are Dolap, Modacruz, Wardrops. Clothing swapping, also known as "swishing" in English, is seen as a step towards slow fashion.[48] Consumers can replace the clothes they no longer wear with others and reduce unnecessary consumption.
Ready-to-wear rental
Consumers are advised to choose the option of renting instead of buying the type of clothes that will wait in the closet without being worn after wearing them once. It is possible to rent a dress without having to pay high costs for clothes that will be worn only once, especially in events such as engagement, graduation, wedding. Renting is a way to reduce clothing waste and overconsumption.
Garment care
Storing clothing for a longer period of time helps to significantly reduce emissions during a garment's life cycle. Extending the active life of a garment by just nine months can significantly reduce its environmental impact, while increasing its lifetime from one year to two years can reduce emissions by 24%.[49]
Consumers can make their clothes last longer with some small steps: washing clothes sparingly and at low temperatures, paying attention to care labels, reducing dry cleaning, not using a tumble dryer, repairing damage.
Sustainable clothing through charities
Clothing donations
The textile sector, which continues to produce a higher production every year than the previous year, is the second sector that sends the most waste to nature.[50] Considering these, the increase in the use of second-hand products may be a factor that may contribute to the decrease in the amount of waste in the textile sector.[51]
Charities that accept clothing donations make money in two ways, by selling them in their shops and to recyclers. Recycling brands then transform them into different forms.[52]
Example charities
The Salvation Army
:A non-profit charity organization of Evangelical Christians, founded in the United Kingdom in 1865.[53]
Centre for Sustainable Fashion: Challenging and questioning the status quo in fashion, this London College of Fashion (LCF) based institution aims to contribute to a system that recognizes its ecological context and honors equality. It shapes fashion design for sustainability as a field of labor, industry and educational practices.[54]
Goodwill Industries International
This Boston-based organization has a plan to collaborate with like-minded partners to ensure everyone has the skills and support needed to get a good job, pursue a sustainable career, and support their families.[55]
Zero Waste
It is a goal defined as a waste management philosophy that includes preventing waste, using resources more efficiently, preventing or minimizing waste generation by reviewing the causes of waste generation, and collecting and recycling waste separately at the source in case it occurs.[56]
Controversial circumstances
It has been determined that most of the clothing collected by donation in the United Kingdom is exported abroad. Each year, 351 million kilograms (equivalent to 2.9 billion T-shirts) of clothing is traded from the UK alone.[57] An ABC News report shows that, on average, 10% of all clothing donated in the United States (clothes that are still in fashion, generally in good condition, using high-quality fabrics) are held by charities,[52] the remainder is sold to textile recycling companies and a part of it is exported abroad by these companies. The export of second-hand clothing is discussed in terms of reducing clothing waste and its impact on the development of the countries to which they are exported.
Shipment of products
Intermediary sale is the process of delivering a good to an intermediary without any charge and selling it through an intermediary.[58]
Consignment goods are goods that belong to the supplier (in the warehouse, store, etc.) of the customer. The customer makes the purchase only after he sells the goods to someone else or consumes them himself. The benefit to the customer is quite clear; There is no need to tie the capital in his hand to the goods. This does not mean that there are no storage costs for the purchaser, it bears the costs associated with storing and managing the goods.[59]
Textile recycling
Because textile products are almost 100% recyclable, it is possible not to waste anything in the textile and apparel industry. In 2003, it was predicted that there would be an increase of approximately 3-5%, equivalent to 2 million tons per year, in world fiber consumption.[60] This can be seen as a double-edged sword, as it stimulated the economy on the one hand, but also caused the problem of increased consumption.[61] It is possible to reuse the wastes generated during textile production and the wastes of the consumers and bring them back to the industry.
Sustainable fashion organizations and companies
Organizations
Fashion Revolution: An organization founded in April 2013 to oppose the fast fashion system after 1,134 textile workers died in Rana Plaza, Bangladesh. It aims to create a textile industry that respects people and nature, is based on creativity and fair profit distribution.[62]
London College of Fashion – Center for Sustainable Fashion: A sustainability organization that aims to contribute to the system on ecological integrity and social equality. In addition to its activities, it aims to raise the awareness of future generations on sustainable fashion and to participate in the transformation movement through university education.[54]
Fashion Act Now: This organization, founded by activists who aim to minimize the damage of the fashion industry to nature, argues that action is needed to reduce the impact of the industry on climate and ecology.[63]
World Fair Trade Organization: WFTO, which was founded by social entrepreneurs and then became a global society, aims to manage communities democratically with its members spread over 76 countries. This organization, which strives to protect that labor and social enterprise should be rewarded, is also working to defend the rights of textile workers.[64]
Companies
Eco Age: Established for brands to carry out their work in a transparent manner, Eco Age aims to minimize the effects of the work done on people and the planet. Aiming to contribute to sustainability through media collaborations, strategic consultancy and corporate relations, the agency is among the companies that make the most effort in this regard.[65]
Notion Collective: Acting to support entrepreneurs working in the field of sustainable fashion, the collective is the best of fast fashion. It aims to offer various innovative and alternative solutions in order to
Monsoon: Being one of the founding members of the Ethical Trade Initiative, the company carries out activities to gain environmental and social rights within companies. In addition, this enterprise, which tries to limit the harms of the materials used by the factories and rejects animal experiments, is also working on environmentally friendly energy practices around the world.[67]
Materials
An example of a sustainable fabric used by Reflect Studio
Cellulose fiber
Cellulose fiber refers to all fiber types consisting of cellulose ether or ester.[68] Since the building block of plants is cellulose, vegetable fibers are also called cellulosic fibers. Fibers obtained from plants and used directly as textile raw materials are included in this class.[69] Other than cotton, the most common types of plant-based cellulosic fibers are jute, flax, hemp, ramie, abaca, bamboo (used for viscose), soy, corn, banana, pineapple, and beech (used for rayon). Alternative fibers such as bamboo and hemp (a variety that produces only a minuscule amount of the psychoactive component found in hemp) are species that find greater use in so-called ecological fashion.[70]
Cotton
Main article: Cotton
Cotton, which makes up more than 50% of all garments produced worldwide; It is an absorbent, soft and durable cellulose fiber type. Also known as vegetable wool. The livelihoods of up to 1 billion people worldwide, including 100 million tiny farmers, depend on the cotton industry.[71]
Bt cotton
A cotton strain that has been genetically modified with the addition of genes from a common soil bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis, to produce certain proteins that are toxic to certain insects. The use of Bt cotton has reduced the need for foliar pesticides targeting some pest species and the emergence of secondary pest species.[72]
Organic cotton
It is a type of cotton that is produced and certified according to organic farming standards. Its production aims to maintain the health of soils, ecosystems and people by using natural processes instead of artificial inputs. No toxic chemicals are used in organic cotton cultivation. It does not harm the soil, affects the air less and uses 88% less water and 62% less energy.[73]
Naturally colored cotton
Naturally colored cotton is a naturally pigmented cotton that grows in green, brown and beige tones. No dye, toxic or harmful substances are used at any stage of the process, from planting to growing, from spinning to ready-made garments. It is 100% pure and natural. It is an environmentally friendly product. A soft, light-feeling, breathable and pure fabric can be created.
Soy
Main article: Soy
The so-called soy fabric or "vegetable cashmere," known for its softness, is one of the most environmentally friendly fabrics in the world. Made with soy protein from the hulls of soybeans, this intriguing option takes a waste product and turns it into a usable textile with minimal use of toxic chemicals and limited processing.
hemp
Main article: Hemp
It is a textile plant also called hemp. As in flax, the fiber cells are in bundles in the bark part. Fiber production is carried out by rotting, forging and carding processes as in flax. Fiber length is 40–45 mm. It is bright yellow or brown in color, and is produced under government control as female cannabis is used in cannabis production. It is generally used in the production of rope, rope, sail, tent cloth, sacks and warp yarn of the carpet.[69]
There is no need to use any chemicals for cannabis production. While preventing the formation of fungi that harm hemp, it also reduces carbon dioxide emissions.[74]
Bamboo
Main article: Bamboo
Bamboo straws collected from the bamboo forests of the Far East are made into pulp, then separated into fibers and crated. No other cellulosic fiber can provide the naturalness, softness and coolness that bamboo fiber gives. These properties cause bamboo fiber to be compared with silk and cashmere. Fabrics made of bamboo fiber, which is naturally antibacterial and environmentally friendly, do not require mercerization. It takes the same dye as all vegetable and cellulosic fibers. It is known as the staple of the 21st century.[69]
Kombucha
Instead of soil and seeds, each plastic jar contains a gel-like film of cellulose fibers, a byproduct of kombucha tea, that feeds the vinegar and sugar mixture. The film is grown using a symbiotic colony of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY). The appearance and feel of the material obtained after harvesting and drying is very similar to leather. It is a 100% biodegradable product and a recyclable product that leaves almost zero waste.[75]
Other types of cellulose fiber
Pineapple leaves, coconut and banana peels are rarely used by some manufacturers as cellulose fibers and included in the textile processes.[76]
Protein fiber
An example of a sustainable fabric used by Reflect Studio
Protein fibers arise from animal sources and protein molecules. The basic elements of these protein molecules are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. Natural protein fibers include wool, silk, angora, cashmere, silk, alpaca.
Wool
Wool is a type of natural fiber originating from animal hair obtained from certain mammals (especially sheep, goats, camels, etc.). Wool fiber consists of an organic protein called keratin. Keratin, like the protein found in human hair, is biodegradable and plays an important role in the composition of many natural materials. Proteins are responsible for most of the physical properties of wool, such as flexibility and elasticity.
Silk
Silk is an organic fiber produced by insects as nest and cocoon material. Silkworms, beetles, honeybees, wasps, and wasps are a few species of silk-producing insects. Silk is an organic fiber known for its shine and durability. It has a long history of trading worldwide.
Cashmere
Cashmere is a type of wool produced from cashmere goats. It is a natural fiber known for its extremely soft feel and insulation properties. It is very thin and delicate, almost feeling like silk when touched. Because the fibers of cashmere are so fine, cashmere is often mixed with other types of wool, such as merino, to add additional weight.
The decomposition of cashmere in nature takes an average of one year.[77]
Other natural materials
MuSkin (artificial leather)
Italian company Zero Grado Espace has developed MuSkin, an alternative to leather made from the fungus phellinus ellipsoideus, a parasitic fungus that grows in subtropical forests. It contains organic penicillin substances that limit bacterial growth with its water-repellent feature.
Rubber
Rubber is a type of fiber obtained from plant sap. Natural rubber is made from the sap of trees. Synthetic rubber is produced from oil by the chemical industry. Both types are versatile substances. Rubber fibers are mostly used in the production of underwear, swimwear, socks and athletic apparel.
Qmilk
Qmilch GmbH, a German company, has developed a process for producing a textile fiber from casein in milk. Qmilk fiber is produced from 100% renewable resources. In addition, it requires only 5 minutes and a maximum of 2 liters of water to produce 1 kilogram of fiber. This process implies a certain level of cost efficiency and ensures minimum CO2 emissions. Qmilk fiber is biodegradable and leaves no traces.
Processed fiber
Processed fibers fall into three categories: Cellulosic fibers, synthetic fibers, and protein fibers. Cellulosic fibers include modal, Lyocell (also known under the brand name Tencel), rayon made from bamboo. Compound fibers produced include polyester, nylon, spandex, acrylic fiber, polyethylene and polypropylene (PP).
PET Plastic
PET plastics are also known as polyethylene terephthalate (PETE). According to the EPA, plastic accounts for 12% of the total amount of waste we generate. Recycling plastic reduces air, water and environmental pollution. Recycling is only the first step, investing in and buying products made from recycled materials is one of many steps towards sustainable living.
Types of mushrooms
Alexander Bismarck and Mitchell Jones of the University of Vienna researched the possibility of using cork species to create sustainable leather alternatives. In response to this review, it was revealed that leather alternatives could be produced by using agricultural products by-products such as sawdust. The researchers note that these fungal biomasses exhibit similar material and textural properties to real leather. The use of cork biomass to build a leather alternative is sustainable, as the whole process is carbon neutral and all materials used are fully biodegradable.
Production
Manufacturers
Although it is not possible to talk about a fully sustainable fashion sector yet, with the recognition of the destructive effect of fast fashion on nature, humans and other living things, steps have been taken for a slow, moral, sustainable and nature-friendly sector that is an alternative to fast fashion. Textile production processes and materials used continue to change, transform and evolve into useful tools with the help of innovative inventions.
3D seamless knitting
The meeting of sustainable fashion with technology has revealed a brand new design and production method that is an alternative to conventional methods: 3D seamless knitting.
day While approximately 8-10% of textiles are turned into waste with traditional methods, a high amount of waste is prevented through 3-dimensional seamless knitting, and more productive, brighter intelligence and nature-friendly production processes are adopted in a short time. With the help of 3D seamless knitting, which also enables personalized designs, carbon footprint can be saved by using only as much fabric as needed.
Zero waste
The concept of zero waste envisioning is extremely popular in the fashion industry, just as it is in other industries. In this concept, the aim can be to regenerate the wastes by recycling them and to reconstruct the production methods in a way that minimizes the waste generation. It is possible to reach the goal of zero waste and create nature-friendly collections thanks to designs that look like pieces of a puzzle on the same fabric and complement each other.
Painting
Dyeing, which is an important part of the production processes, creates a great fear for the health of the environment, people and other living things when carried out with conventional methods. Since high amounts of water and chemicals are required during the dyeing, finishing and finishing (softening of the dyed fabric) process in textiles, this location brings with it the risk of water scarcity in the production areas as well as a deadly pollution in the remaining water resources. Among the measures taken in textile dyeing processes, natural dyeing and ecological printing methods become widespread.
Comparison sites and eco tags
Unfortunately, no brand has yet managed to stick to 100% sustainable methods in all of its products, but thanks to eco labels, consumers can learn where, by whom, under what conditions and with which materials their clothes were produced, more environmentally friendly, They can shop from brands that choose humane production conditions and sustainable forms.[78]
Eco tags
EU Ecolabel
Turkey environmental label
Nordic Swan
Blue Angel
Sustainable textile brands
Reflect Studio
Finisterre, Patagonia, Pact Clothing, Everlane, Able, Tentree, Boden, Kotn, Alternative, Apparel, Thought Clothing, Ref Jeans by Reformation, Girlfriend Collective, Rent The, Runway, Isabelle Fox, Paper London - Swimwear, Tradlands, Outerknown, Cuyana, Vetta, Hackwith Design House, Sezane, Veja, Saye, Eileen Fisher, Mara Hoffman, People Tree, Sirplus Clothing, Tonle, Sotela[79]
Mother of Pearl, Maggie Marilyn, Stella McCartney, Tommy Hilfiger, Reformation, House of Sunny, Stine Goya, Simon Miller, COS, Gabriela Hearst[80]
Reflect Studio, the B Corp certified sustainable design studio behind initiatives such as WWF Market and Amnesty Store from Turkey, can be given as an example.
Designers
Textile designer is the person responsible for the material and design of fabrics and products. Apart from choosing the fabric, he is responsible for every stage from the type of fabric, size and how to use the dye.[81]
Local manufacturing
Whether countries import or export textiles, global supply chains are disrupting employment rates in textiles in countries. While manufacturing countries reduce the jobs in marketing and retail, importing countries reduce the need for design and production jobs.[82]
Technical textile
Technical textiles are tools and products produced outside the design period due to their manufacturing technique and performance characteristics. It is used in many different forms and in quite different fields such as construction, medical, sports. They are designed considering high quality performance and comfort conditions and aim to increase the quality of life. Currently, to reduce some risks; There are fabrics such as antibacterial, odorless, fireproof, anti-UV.[83][84]
Controversial situations
Green painting
Green painting is the general name given to marketing and contact campaigns that contain distorted discourses about sustainability. The product or service is unrealistically environmentally friendly, sustainable, etc. It contains campaigns that make unproven judgments on this subject by emphasizing that they have features.
Green staining can be seen in different areas. For example;
Texts emphasizing the nature-friendly nature of the products used in correspondence tools in the form of advertisements, postings, striking words, Landscapes from nature used in communication materials, images of kittens, dogs and polar bears, Data with controversial analysis and reporting methods.
8 Types of Green Whitewash
Discourses Without Evidence
Deceptive Expression / Images
Technical expressions that the public will not understand
Divert attention
Hollow rhetoric
Unnecessary highlights
Efforts to launder dirty products/services
Unbalanced budget[85]
Materials discussions
Cotton is one of the most harmful textile fibers in terms of water use and environmental impact.2 In the cultivation of traditional cotton, pesticides harmful to soil fertility and human health are used.
While water scarcity and climate crisis are among the most important global risks, cotton farming is carried out in the countries that are most vulnerable to these risks.
To solve these problems, certified natural cotton is seen as the surest option on the path to sustainability. It is accepted that organic agriculture is the only system that works holistically for the long-term benefit of the world and the community.
Organic cotton causes 94% less greenhouse gas emissions, while also removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. In addition to these, ensure safe and clean waterways and drinking water. Its effect on water pollution is 98% less than traditional cotton.[86]
Discussions on second-hand products
In addition to the use of sustainable materials, purchasing second-hand clothing and donating clothing have an important role in combating waste. Second-hand/vintage clothing, with its different and unique styles, creates a world where everyone can perceive themselves as special. The second-hand product trend, which is spreading rapidly all over the world, has come to meet the search for difference of many individuals.
Discussions on marketing
In recent years, the increasing interest of consumers towards environmental problems motivates companies to use concepts related to sustainability while selling their products in order to increase their sales. It is also easy to mislead consumers, as environmental and sustainability issues are complex. Companies use sustainability as a marketing ploy to make a product or service environmentally friendly, sustainable, harmless to nature, etc. they use it for their financial revenues by emphasizing that they have features.[87]
Discussions about shipping
The shipping and logistics industry makes the global supply chain possible by transporting raw materials. However, it is thought that the carbon footprint of the product increases at every stop of the transportation stage from the manufacturers to the stores. The impact on the environment is huge when the shipping industry is almost entirely dependent on fossil fuel use. Emissions from transportation of H&M, whose name we often hear in the field of fast fashion, constitute 43% of the total greenhouse gas emissions.[88] H&M takes measures to minimize its carbon footprint in the shipping industry, such as working with environmentally fragile shipping companies. In addition, H&M is working with organizations in the form of the United States Environmental Protection Agency's SmartWay program, which helps companies advance supply chain sustainability, including by increasing shipping efficiency.[89]
The future of sustainable fashion
The fashion industry is the second largest polluting industry in the world after oil (S360, Fast Fashion). Textile production causes one billion tons of carbon dioxide emissions every year. This amount is more than the sum of the carbon dioxide emitted by all international flights and cruises each year.[90]
The negative environmental and social impact of the fashion industry in recent years has been felt more and more. People who approach the fashion industry with a systemic perspective and think about how the parts of this cycle work are now making efforts to make this industry more sustainable. As a result of the efforts, it is aimed to look at a new fashion economy that is in harmony with the principles of the circular economy, invigorating and regenerating, generating profit for the sector, society and the environment.[91]
H&M, one of the largest fast fashion brands, is trying to integrate sustainability into its business strategy. It responds to the criticisms that fast fashion, which supports the "take-away" model with excessive consumption, is unsustainable, with a "closed loop" strategy. The clothing collection campaign it initiated for this purpose aims to collect the clothes that consumers throw away and to recycle or reuse these clothes.[7]
sustainable fashion in our country
The global sustainability movement has gained importance in Turkey as well. According to the Fashion Research conducted by the fashion search engine GLAMI, there was an increase in the value placed on sustainable shopping and recyclable packaging in 2019. 63% of 5306 individuals who participated in the survey stated that they shopped from sustainable brands in the last year.[92]
Fashion design (the real name is "fashion, creation"), in different parts of the society, especially the young generation's need for innovation, more accurately, innovation (innovation); It is an industrial design field formed by meeting the search for innovation.
Industrial fashion design
Meeting the need for education (fashion trend) developing in this direction, which requires the search for clothing. It can also be considered as an art design department that reinterprets the pattern of clothing with the new generation textile products that have not been tried before, or the standard materials that are not new generation due to cost, in a way that can meet the needs of the current understanding.
Fashion design is when some people think about things and put them on paper.
Various reviews
According to some sociologists, fashion; It is also considered as a "young idea movement" that wants to go out of social view and thought.
A strapless garment is a garment that is placed around the upper body without a top, shoulder strap, or other visible accessory. It is usually supported by an inner corset and / or bra, the tightness of the corset prevents the dress from slipping.
Since their introduction, strapless clothing has proven problematic in many cases. In the early 21st century, many schools and workplaces specifically ban strapless dresses as part of their dress code. An Adecco study published in The Wall Street Journal in 2012 indicated that 72% of Americans thought strapless tops were inappropriate office wear.[1] Strapless garments can be chosen for a special condemnation by preachers and priests. In 2005, a Muslim cleric declared strapless dresses "satanic," along with other open-color clothing such as miniskirts and sheer garments.[2]
Bibliography
^ https://blogs.Wsj.Com/atwork/2012/07/20/work-wear-101-what-not-to-wear-to-work/
^ https://www.Smh.Com.Au/national/muslim-cleric-women-incite-mens-lust-with-satanic-dress-20050424-gdl6ro.Html
See also
Backless clothing
Bouffant outfit
Jacket clothes
Cocktail dress
Coronation dress
Little black outfit
Evening dress
Debutante dress
Princess dress
ball gown
Wrap dress
Crinolin, loop skirt or crinoline; Popular at various times since the mid-19th century, it is a stiffened or structured petticoat designed to pull off a woman's skirt. Originally, crinoline described a stiff fabric made of cotton or linen with a weft ("crin") and used as a lower part and lining of clothes.
By the 1850s, the term crinoline was more applied to the sleek silhouette offered by their scarf combinations and to the ring skirts that replaced them by the mid-1850s. In form and function, these circled skirts resemble the 16th and 17th century circled petticoats.
Contents
1 Etymology
2 Hazards
3 Bibliography
4 External links
Etymology
The name crinoline is a combination of the Latin crinis ("hair, bristle") and the French word crin ("weft") and the Latin word linum ("thread" or "linen"), used to make linen. It explains the words used in making the skirt.
Dangers
The flammability of crinoline skirts has been widely reported. It is estimated that an average of 3,000 women died in crinoline-related fires in England in the late 1850s and late 1860s.[1] As a similar event, The Times reported the death of a 14-year-old kitchen maid named Margaret Davey on February 13, 1863.[2] On December 8, 1863, two to three thousand people died within a serious fire decision at the Church of Jesus in Santiago, Chile. It was determined that most of the cause of death was the fabric of the crinolines worn by the women, consisting of flammable materials. Two important victims of the crinoline fires were William Wilde's illegitimate daughters, Emily and Mary, who died in November 1871 when their evening clothes caught fire.[3][4] In 1864, Slaveykov stated that at least 39,927 women worldwide have died in crinoline-related fires in the last 14 years, more deadly than the practice of sati or oto-da-fé.[5] Although flame retardant fabrics were available, they were considered unattractive and unpopular.
The little black dress is a type of evening or cocktail dress. It is simple and often cut quite short. The origin of the little black dress goes back to the 1920s designs by Coco Chanel and Jean Patou.[1]
The modern version of the dress differs significantly from the classic one: it is possible to use a shorter skirt, different colors and types of collars, lace, ruffles and other decorative elements.[2]
Bibliography
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 13 August 2020. Access time: 21 August 2020.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 29 October 2021. Accessed on August 21, 2020.
See also
Backless dress
party dress
Mini skirt
Coronation dress
Evening dress
ball gown
Princess dress
Strapless dress
Wrap dress
Pantyhose will have two main product groups as transparent or opaque, which are mostly worn by ladies, tightly covering the area from waist to toe. Types of tights for men are also available. It is a garment used for functional or visual reasons. Like stockings or nylon stockings, pantyhose are often made of nylon or other fibers mixed with nylon. One-piece pantyhose emerged in the 1960s and provided an alternative to the nylon stockings used until then.
In addition to being worn in fashion, pantyhose are sometimes worn by women as part of formal dress in the Western community. Also, some companies and schools may require the wear of pantyhose or tights when skirts or shorts are worn as part of the uniform.
Contents
1 History
2 Composition
3 Types of pantyhose
4 Bibliography
5 External links
6 See also
7 Galleries
History
In the 1920s, women's clothing shortened in hemlines, and then the legs and the stockings worn on them became visible. In this period, transparent stockings were made of silk or rayon and ended at the upper part of the thigh. After the 1930s, nylon began to be used in the production of these socks.[1] After this date, nylon stockings, which became an indispensable part of women's clothing, continued their popularity until the 1960s.
Pantyhose was first invented by Allen Gant Senior in the USA in 1959 and manufactured by Glen Raven Mills Company in North Carolina. The developed circular knitting machines not only reduced hand labor but also enabled the production of seamless socks. Glen Raven Mills company introduced the first seamless pantyhose in 1965.[2] Combining panties and stockings, this dress attracted great attention and spread rapidly in the 1960s, especially with the miniskirt fashion it triggered, and took the place of nylon stockings. The spread of pantyhose has also led to a decrease in the use of corsets and garters. In the same period, the invention of Spandex or Elastane made pantyhose more peaceful, useful and stylish.[3]
Composition
Pantyhose usually have a standard construction: the upper part of the waist is a strong elastic; The part covering the hips and buttocks consists of a thicker material. The gusset or mesh covering the genital area is occasionally a stronger material made of porous cotton. However, the pantyhose legs are made of the thinnest fabrics available and have a consistent construction right down to the wearer's toes. These can be reinforced to protect against erosion and wear.[4] Most pantyhose originate from a blend of nylon and spandex that provides the flexibility and form-fitting characteristic of contemporary pantyhose. Nylon fabric is somewhat prone to tearing, and it is common to "run" immediately after snagging on anything hard or sharp.[5]
There are differences in the production of pantyhose in the form of fishnet stockings. Pantyhose can be composed of other materials such as silk, cotton, cashmere or wool.
Types of pantyhose
There are many types of pantyhose in use. The transparency of the sock is expressed in denier and is available in grades from 5 denier (invisible or very thin), 15 (standard sheer), 40 (semi-opaque) and 80 denier (opaque) and 120 denier (thick opaque). It can also be classified as glossy or matte according to the yarn and dye used.[6]
In order to provide a slimmer appearance, there are models with a tighter woven corset (control top) in the panty area, and lifter models that lift the hip area.[7] There are also models that are transparent to the waist (seamles, sheer to the waist), which are produced with the same texture as the panty area, without seams by being worn with mini skirts and shorts or with a swimsuit, and the toe area is not strengthened by being used with open shoes.[8]
In addition to patterned socks, fishnet socks are also common pantyhose types from time to time.
A ball gown is an evening dress worn to a prom or formal occasion. Most versions cut off the shoulders with low-cut, exposed sleeves and long puffy form skirts. These gowns are typically worn with a cloak or veil rather than a jacket, a formal shawl in an expensive fabric, a jacket, fashion or vintage jewelry, and evening gloves.[1] Where "state decorations" are to be worn, it is on a bow fastened to the chest, and married ladies wear a tiara. Although artificial fabrics are now occasionally used, the most commonly used fabrics are satin, silk, taffeta and velvet trimmed, pearls, sequins, embroidery, ruffles, ribbons, rosettes, and lace.
Physical education uniform is a military uniform worn during exercise, sports, gymnastics, drills and other occasions.[1] Most armies are
For example, the United States Armed Forces and their Reserve Officers Training Corps and Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps components require the use of the physical training uniform during unit exercise.[2][3]
Bikini is a type of swimming swimsuit designed for women. Fabrics resistant to water are preferred in bikini production.
The bikini is welded in two parts, a bottom and a bra.[1] The size of the bikini can cover the entire pelvis, while G strip bikinis cover much less space.
The bikini is named after Parisian designer Louis Réard, who designed the bikini in 1946. The Parisian designer gave it this name by imitating the place called Bikini Atoll where the atomic bomb was tested. In the same years, fashion designer Jacques Heim launched a similar model with the name Atome (Atom).
In comparison to the emergence and spread of the one-piece swimsuit, the adoption of the bikini has been much slower. Wearing a bikini on beaches and in public is banned in many countries. The Vatican described wearing a bikini as a pernicious sin.[2] While the bikini still remains an underrated dress, it has gradually become an important part of popular culture. The main role in this was played by movie stars in the form of Brigitte Bardot, Raquel Welch, Ursula Andress. Thus, bikinis began to be worn on public beaches and in movies.
Bikinis began to be designed in Western states in the mid-1960s for the purposes of beachwear, swimwear and bottoms. At the end of the 20th century, sports were added to the usage areas of bikinis. Bikini wear gained weight especially in sports such as beach volleyball and bodybuilding. At the beginning of the 2000s, the bikini production sector had an annual volume of 811 million dollars, sun tanning and so on. By-products have also become important business partners of this sector over time.[3]
History
A mosaic of girls in bikinis from the first quarter of the 4th era found at Villa Romana Del Casale in Sicily
The first examples of the bikini, which can also be described as a two-piece sea suit, are from the II. It was seen on the beaches of France after World War II. Introduced by the French fashion designer Louis Réard on July 5, 1946 in Paris, the name bikini is derived from Bikini Island in the Pacific Ocean, where the first atomic bombs were tested. The bikini, which was found obscene, was condemned by the Vatican at that time. In the 60s, its popularity increased when actresses such as Brigitte Bardot, Ursula Andress and Raquel Welch wore the bikini.
Types
Bikinis returned to monokinis without a top in the 1970s. It entered our lives as a thong in the 1980s and a swimsuit in the 2000s. Especially in sports such as bodybuilding, men also use bikini variants.
Blouse is a lady's garment worn on the upper part of the body, usually made of thin fabric or knitted from yarn.[1] It comes from the French word blouse. Today, the word most commonly means a girl's or lady's dress shirt.[2][3]
External links
Blouse Tdk
Bibliography
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Access time: 18 February 2022.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Access time: 18 February 2022.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved February 18, 2022.
See also
Cache-cœur
Bolero jacket
Chest cleavage
Halterneck
Decollete
Backless dress
Dress above the bust
Strapless dress
Crop top
Cache-cœur is a women's upper garment consisting of two terminated triangular pieces, each with a strap.[1] It first appeared in the 1920s. The two parts are overlapped and closed with straps from the back or side according to the length. The triangular shape of the sides makes the garment a kind of "V-neck". It is usually long sleeved and made of cold-proof materials such as wool. It is part of the casual wear type.[2]
Decollete, a cut that partially exposes the neck, back and breasts in women's clothing.[1] The word is also used as an adjective to describe clothing prepared in this fashion. It was translated into Turkish from the French word décolleté (without collar)[2] in the 19th century.[1]
Decollete mass is mostly seen in evening and ball gowns and wedding dresses. However, depending on the influence of climate and fashion, it is also seen in casual clothes. Low-cut dresses, which are an important part of women's fashion in Western societies, are not approved in some cultures because they are found to be provocative and/or for religious reasons.
Hollar hanger is a women's top.[1] It can be dress and shirt type. It extends from the front of the garment to the back of the neck and often exposes the upper back.[2]
This is a swimsuit It is also used to maximize back burner exposure and minimize tan lines. It can also be used with dresses or shirts.[3]
Backless dress
Backless garment is a dress designed to expose the wearer's back.
The décolleté is the exposed area between the breast and breasts of a woman lying above the sternum, and refers to those that are only visible on garments that include a low-cut neckline (or dense, opaque body art).[1][2] In some cultures, the display of cleavage is considered sensual or erotic and may be associated with low-neck clothing that accentuates the cleavage, such as ball gowns, evening gowns, lingerie, and swimsuits.[3] Throughout history, ladies in these cultures have sought to enhance their physical attractiveness and femininity in the context of the changing fashions and culture-specific norms of modesty of time and place. Methods applied in appropriate contexts included highlighting and partial representation of breasts, including cleavage.[4] In some cultures, any representation of division may be culturally taboo (for example, juyub in Islam).
The bust dress is the period of sleeveless women's clothing that is wrapped around the upper body. It is usually tight on the breasts, and elastic bands are often used at the top and bottom to prevent it from falling off.
A bandeau is a clothing that includes a strip of fabric in appearance. Today, the term mostly refers to the garment that covers a woman's breasts. The bandeau originated in the 1940s as a two-piece swimsuit top. Today, sports or swimsuits are part of the bikini.[1] It is similar to an over-the-chest dress, only narrower. It is usually strapless, sleeveless and taken off the shoulder.
Or it is the general name of the upper garments that leave the belly exposed.
Date
Crop superior's early history intersects with cultural insights towards the middle valley, beginning with the "Little Corn" performance at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair.[1] Although the crop top first gained prominence in the fashion industry in the 1930s [2] and 1940 [3][4][5] - especially the latter World War II [6] - due to fabric rationing - it was at that time largely limited to swimwear. Worn by celebrities like Barbara Eden [7] and Jane Birkin, it was not until the sexual revolution of the late 1960s and early 1970s that they became widely accepted.[8][9] A distinctive style, the tie-up or knotted shirt [10] emerged and gained popularity in the 1960s.
In the 1980s, cropped tops became more common as part of the aerobics craze and parallel to the popularity of the movie Flashdance. Singer Madonna wore a mesh top in her music video for the song "Lucky Star".[11] Crop tops reappeared in the 2010s due to the return of 1990s fashion.[12][13][14]
Crossdresser (CD to summarize), a person who wears clothes that identify with the opposite sex. A woman is someone who wears man's clothes, and a man wears women's clothes. In addition to clothes, the concept includes accessories identified with the opposite sex; It also covers hair, beard, mustache, eyebrow models and make-up. Crossdressers can do this as a result of their sexual orientation; They can also hide their identity, take part in any art show, or as a sex temple.
The concept consists of the English words cross and dress. It was first coined in English in 1911, as a response to the German word transvestite.[1]
American photographer Frances Benjamin Johnston in men's clothing.
Throughout history, people have impersonated the opposite sex for various reasons. For example, newly married couples in some parts of India wear each other's clothes to protect themselves from the evil eye.[2] In some conservative societies where women are not welcome or allowed on religious grounds, it is common for men to play female roles or dance as ladies.
Transvestite
Main article: Transvestism
A transvestite is a person who usually wears the clothes of the opposite sex because of sexual pleasure[3]. It is often confused with homosexuality, but transvestites can be heterosexual or homosexual.[3]
drag queen
Main article: Drag queen
Drag queen is a man who wears exaggerated ladies' clothes and deliberately acts like a caricature of a woman.[3] The word queen also means homosexual man in English[4] and drag queens are often gay men.[3]
It is a type of turtleneck turtleneck sweater. From the late 19th century, turtlenecks were widely worn by ordinary workers, athletes, sailors, and naval officers.[1] Since the mid-20th century, turtlenecks have been closely associated with academics, philosophers, artists, and intellectuals. Adopted by Noël Coward in the 1920s, turtlenecks are short turned the middle classroom into a fashion trend, and feminists made them a unisex product.[2]
Rubber boots (or Wellington boots) are a type of shoe, boot or boot originally designed to protect the feet from water, moisture and other environmental factors.[1]
The prototype of the first rubber boots were the boots of the South American Indians. They got knee-deep in the water of a rubber plant and the latex froze on their feet.
In 1839, American inventor Charles Goodyear succeeded in giving rubber a stable consistency.[2] Goodyear shared his invention with Thomas Hancock and Charles McIntosh, and in 1851 the first rubber boots appeared.
In contemporary use, Wellington boots are waterproof and are often made of rubber or polyvinyl chloride (PVC), a halogenated polymer.[3]
Slim cut trousers are a type of trousers that fit tightly to the legs and end in a small leg opening. Depending on the size, the circumference can be anywhere from "9 to 20".
Some styles require zippers on the lower leg to facilitate pulling over the top of the foot.[1] Stretch jeans containing 2% to 4% lycra can be used to make jeans have a super slim fit. Short cut jeans come in a variety of colors and styles.
A midi dress is a tight, straight-cut dress with no waist seams, often tucked in at the waist. It is often confused with shift clothing. When constructing the dress, the bodice and skirt are combined by combining the bodice darts into a single dart.[1] This aligns the skirt darts with the bodice waist pins. The dress emphasizes the waist as the skirt part is attached. Although midi dresses can come in many designs and lengths, they are often worn with short sleeves and reach knee length.
Modelism is the name given to the preparation of the model pattern for mass production by the modelist, according to the previously determined international standard size table, of the clothes to be obtained especially from woven fabrics in the textile sector.
Custom molding
At the same time, it is possible to make molds in personalized sizes with the draping method (working on the real model) for the clothes specially prepared for the person.
Cutting patterns in a sewing class.
Fitting a muslin on a dress form. This dress format is adjustable to match the sewer's measurements, and the muslin has been fit around the form accordingly, by taking it in two inches at the back, a smaller fit than the original pattern.
Home sewing pattern
Computerized modeling
Since mass production is in question in commercial enterprises, since hundreds of products will be produced, minimizing possible fabric losses will reduce the price of the fabric used, as well as this position will be reflected in the price of the produced product and it will be a serious advantage in commercial competition. In short, modeling is one of the sine qua non for the pastal pilan (cloth cutting pattern) prepared for the fabric cutting plan.
Practical modeling
In order to remove the container of a previously made dress, especially with a comfortable hand tool that performs marking with a needle called a needle roulette, it is laid on a flat table on the moulding paper from which the mold will come out, and the needles of the needle roulette are inserted through the fabric of the dress by passing over the joints of the dress to be molded. It causes a hole to form on the mullage paper between the dress and the table. Then, after adding the seam allowances, the exact pattern of the dress is easily removed on the molding paper.
Lolita (ロリータ・ファッション rorīta fasshon) is a subculture of fashion in Japan, influenced by Victorian and Edwardian children's clothing and styles from the Rococo era.[1][2][3][4][5][6] A very obvious feature of Lolita fashion is the aesthetic of elegance.[7] This clothing subculture can be categorized into three main sub-styles: 'gothic', 'classic' and 'sweet'.[8][9][10] Also many other like 'Sea', 'Rural', 'Hime' (Princess), 'Ero', 'Guro', 'Oriental', 'Punk', 'Shiro (white)', Kuro (black) and Steampunk Lolita sublayer is available. This choice of clothing became a popular subculture in Japan and other countries in the 1990s and 2000s, and although it became more common, it began to decline in Japan in the 2010s
Leotard is a unisex, one-piece garment that covers the body, leaving only the legs exposed. The garment was first made famous by the French acrobatic artist Jules Léotard (1838–1870). There are sleeveless, short-sleeved and long-sleeved swimsuits. It is a variation of the unitard, which also includes the legs.[1]
It is worn by leotards, acrobats, gymnasts, dancers, figure skating actors, athletes, actors, wrestlers, and circus performers, both as ergonomic garments and as performance costumes.[2] Usually ballet skirts are worn on top and tights, or occasionally with cycling shorts as underwear. they are worn. As a casual wear, a leotard can be worn with a belt; In addition, it can be worn under overalls or mini skirts.
Leotards are often entered from the neck, unlike bodysuits that have snaps at the crotch. Scoop neck swimsuits have wide neck openings and are held in place by the flexibility of the suit.[3] Others have horns or polo necks and are attached to the back of the neck with a zipper or snap.
Leotards are used for various purposes such as yoga, cardiovascular exercise, dance, pajamas, heat with multiple layers under clothing, leisure and casual wear.[4] They can form part of children's dress-up and play clothes and can be worn as a top.
Pants, clothing that continues from the waist and the legs go down to the ankles.
Fashion has not brought major changes to the shape of men's trousers. The lengths of the trousers can be long or short, the legs narrow or loose (sailor's trousers), and they can be attached to the legs (ski trousers). The legs are curved or straight. Trousers may have pockets on the front, back or sides.
They have different weaves such as jeans, fabric trousers, linen trousers, corduroy trousers.
Trousers, the style of which is one of the main elements of men's clothing, always consists of the same pieces. These are the four large parts that make up the body of the trousers and the second-order parts called the pat section where the belt, button or zipper is sewn.
History
Based on figurative art evidence, the first trouser clothing probably dates back to BC. It is thought to be in the Mal'ta-Buret' cultural area of southern Siberia in the 24th millennium BC.[1] The first trousers, which were invented from wool for precise fastening and riding, were found in the Turfan (Xinjiang) province of China and date back to the BC. It is located in the Yanghai cemetery, which dates back to 1300-1000 years.[2][3] The stamps on these trousers are similar to some examples in Turkish cultural geography.[4] It is thought that trousers are a Turkish clothing that was developed for riding horses from Central Asia to Europe with the Huns and to the Tarim Basin with the Chou and Gutis.[5][6][7]
The Venetians wore tight and long panties, the ancestor of today's trousers, which they called "pantaloni" to commemorate the Christian doctor Panteleone, who was killed in Rome in the 4th century. Pantalone was one of the favorite characters of the Commedia dell'Arte groups that toured France and England in the 16th century. Pantalone was a rich old type wearing long panties. Pantalone's long pants, adopted by sailors and children in the 17th century, became one of the political symbols of the French Revolution. The group known as Sans Culottes, which wore long trousers instead of the tights-like panties of the French nobility, thus separated themselves from the wealthy. Trousers, a symbol of anti-bourgeois opposition, became the uniform of the working and peasant class, who rose up against the nobility in 1789.
The trousers, which were worn by the ordinary class in the form of sailors and workers in the Ottoman Empire, did not become a political symbol here, but gradually increased their popularity.[8]
Types of pants
Baiji
Spanish trotter
Bermuda shorts
Long swimsuit
Golf pants
Capri
Cargo pants
Carpenter jeans
Woven pants
Churidar
Compression clothing
Cycling shorts
Dolphin shorts
Fisherman's pants
Formal pants
short women's shorts
Hockey pants
wide leg pants
Jeans
Jodhpurs
Jinbei
Short pants
Lederhosen
Low waist pants
Nábrók
Open crotch pants
Palazzo pants
Parachute pants
rugby shorts
Running shorts
Shalwar
Score
Slim fit trousers
Sompot
Sweatpants
Turkish pants
Hiking shorts
women's pants
Yoga pants
Zubaz
It is a type of suspenders, belts and accessories. It is worn on the shoulders to hold skirts, shorts or trousers.[1] Straps can be made of leather or woven fabric. Most straps can form an X or Y shape on the back. Suspenders are typically attached to skirts and trousers with clips or buttons.[2]
Panyer is a type of ladies' undergarment, worn in the 17th and 18th centuries to lengthen the width of the skirts on the side while leaving the front and back relatively straight. This provided a panel where woven patterns, detailed embellishments and rich embroidery could be showcased and fully appreciated.[1]
Parachute trousers are a type of trousers. Nylon is particularly characterized by the use of ripstop nylon.
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[1] Parachute pants were part of the growing popularity of breakdancing in the 1980s. It has become a fashion in American culture.
Dress shoes; It is a shoe style. It is worn with casual wear or for more formal events.[1] A dress shoe typically contrasts with a sneaker.[2]
Dress shoes are worn by many as standard casual shoes and are commonly used in dance, parties and special occasions.[3]
Types
Blucher shoes
Brogue shoes
Brothel shoes
Derby shoes
Monk shoes
Oxford shoes
Spectator shoe
Winklepicker
Wholecut
Loafers
Skarpin
Prince Albert slippers
Venetian style shoes
Ballet shoes
Heeled shoes
Mary Janes
Sindhi Mojari
mule
Open toe shoes
Saddle shoes
Shoes with open heel
Tracksuit, two-piece sportswear made of cotton or composite fabric, worn for sports activities.
The Turkish word tracksuit has a similarity to the French word échauffement [eʃofmɑ͂] (warm-up).
The evening dress is a long flowing lady's dress most often worn to formal occasions. Clothing ranges from ballerina skirt (mid-calf to just above ankles), tea dress (above ankles) and hemline. Evening dresses are usually made of chiffon, velvet, satin, organza, etc. It is made of luxurious fabrics such as[1] Silk is a popular fiber for many evening dresses. Although the terms are used interchangeably, ball gown and evening gowns make a difference, as a ball gown always has a full skirt and a fitted bodice; or a dropped waist.
Bibliography
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2 June 2019. Accessed: June 2, 2019.
See also
Backless dress
Bouffant dress
Jacket outfit
Cocktail dress
Coronation dress
Little black outfit
ball gown
Debutante dress
Princess dress
Strapless dress
Wrap clothes
Jersey, a silk or wool fabric woven with elastic, or an outfit made from this fabric or knitted with elastic. It takes its name from the French island of Jersey. Known in France since the 1660s.
Fast fashion is to bring the newest and latest fashion products to the customers at affordable prices in stylish stores that will create shopping freedom and excitement.
Like the whole world, Turkey has been greatly affected by this global fast fashion trend, and the ready-made clothing market has been invaded by foreign fast fashion retailers. Even Marks & Spencer, Europe's largest fashion company, continues to lose its market share in the UK and European ready-to-wear market to foreign fast fashion chains such as H&M, GAP and Zara. According to Mintel's final inspection results, Europe's largest apparel companies are listed as follows, according to 2002 figures:
M&S € 5.9 billion
C&A €4.9 billion (-5%)
H&M €4.7 billion (91%)
Zara €3.2 billion (146%)
Mango €950 million (103%)
When we look at the amount of development between 1998-2002, Spanish Zara was the fastest growing fashion company in the world with 146%, followed by Spanish Mango with 103% and Swedish company H&M with 91%. On the other hand, M&S and C&A withdrew from many European countries, and C&A shrank by 5% in the same period.
Today, companies that keep the customer's pulse in their hands at all times and offer the right product to the right market at the right time, at the right price, are successful and growing rapidly. Every day, consumers are becoming more conscious and it is getting harder to satisfy them. Now, end users have come to demand higher quality and more visual and functional performances from clothing and textile products. Consumers are looking for more varieties and alternatives in fashion products day by day. This position pushes manufacturers and retailers to reduce the amount of orders to be produced per model on the one hand, and to increase the number/variety of models on the other.
The cardigan is a garment that is open at the front, usually made of wool.[1]
The sleeveless dress worn by the cult workers is also called. Usually cardigans are patched. The situation is different in every sect. Their colours, length and shortness, fabric and shape differ according to the traditions of that sect.[2]
Shorts are short pants with the legs above the knees, usually worn while doing some sports.[1]
The word "short" entered Turkish as the pronunciation of the English word "short". Although it is the same as trousers in terms of its basic structure, those that differ from trousers because they are used for outer wear in daily life, not for underwear, are called for characterization purposes.[2] At the same time, the shorts do not stick to the legs. It is a tailored cut garment. While it is used for outerwear, it refers to a kind of short-cut trousers that end above the knee, which men and women wear in summer, and it is also used among the clothes used in many individual and team sports. The ones produced for sports purposes also have an elastic waistband and an additional wick tip that passes next to the tire.[3]
On the other hand, those that are used for general purposes in daily life for outerwear are belted at the waist. They have special styles such as Bermuda shorts.[4]
Types
Bermuda shorts
Tall man swimsuit
Boxer shorts
Panties
Cycling shorts
Denim shorts
Dolphin shorts
Sports shorts
Short women's shorts
Running shorts
Score
Bermuda shorts, also known as walking shorts[1] or clothing shorts, are a particular type of short pants worn by both women and men. With or without pants, it is approximately 2.5 centimeters above the knee.
It is named after its popularity in Bermuda, a British Overseas Territory. Knee-high socks are considered a business suit for men when worn with a dress shirt, tie and blazer. While this type of workwear is seen in sub-tropical and tropical climates; Many businesses with a vulgar policy that generate business in the West today allow such clothing during the warmer seasons, particularly in the United States, Australia, and New Zealand. Available in a variety of colors, including many pastel shades as well as darker tones.
Real Bermuda shorts should not be confused with the "capri" that extends below the knee. The shorts can be of a similar length, but are generally cooler or more "tailor made" than Bermuda shorts. The West Coast is more typical of American and Australian fashion.[citation needed]
Date
Bermuda shorts were made for the British Army to wear in tropical and desert climates and are still worn by the Royal Navy as well as the Royal Canadian Navy. During the Second World War, there was a shortage of clothing in Bermuda. According to Jack Lightbourn, former managing director of Bermuda Bank, Bermuda Bank in Bermuda and N.T. Butterfield and Sons Bank was concerned that suitable clothing for male employees would not be available. They had a local tailor make two shorts modeled after British military shorts for each male employee. The shorts were made of a highly itchy gray flannel material, and each employee was supplied with two pairs of heavy gray woolen stockings to wear the shorts. This is how business attire got its start in Bermuda.[2] In the postwar period, Trimingham Bros. and H.A. Local traders such as & E. Smiths improved the design of the shorts and used brighter materials as the shorts grew in popularity.
During the opening ceremonies of the Olympic and Paralympic Games, Bermuda's delegation traditionally wore red Bermuda shorts (red is the main color of the country's flag).
Boxer shorts are a type of underwear worn by men in general.
Don is the common name of all underwear used for men or women's underwear, to cover and protect the area where the genitals are.
Frost is a kind of underwear garment made of white or colored cotton fabric to cover and protect the lower part of the waist. It passes between the two legs and surrounds the body from the back and front and joins in the waist area.
Contents
1 Long Johns
2 Shorts
3 Panties
4 Types
5 Bibliography
6 See also
Long johns
Long pants are called loose-fitting cotton woven or cotton fabrics with legs extending up to the kneecap, which provides convenience for those who work in the open area in cases of wearing comfort and sweating. Long johns are used mostly in rural areas by agricultural workers and old ladies. While working in the field, vineyard and garden, it is elastic at the knee to prevent and protect small parasites (tick, flea, ant, etc.) and poisonous creatures (snake, scorpion, spider, etc.)
A young man wearing a Hanes boxer brief
Boxers Brief 1.Jpg
Someone wearing a Floque boxer brief.
Shorts
The ones used in underwear in the form of shorts and remaining on the calves are generally called shorts (boxers). Shorts (boxer) can also be used by women and men. Although it can be produced in any color and pattern, it is separated from the shorts used in sports and casual general outerwear, in terms of the fabric used, cut and sewing structure.
A semantic expansion of the English word boxer short, inspired by boxer shorts.
It got this name. The waist area is elastic and unlike the boxer shorts, the men's versions have a clear opening in the genital area.
Panties
Panties (panties in the United States and Canada, Knickers in the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth of Nations, and undies in Australia and New Zealand) are a type of generally light, fitted garment designed for women to wear around the waistline. The concept of panties in Turkey has unisex meanings. The classic components of the suit can usually be summarized as an elastic waistband, a section to cover the genitals (often lined with an absorbent material in the form of cotton), and a pair of leg openings (often with elastic).
Panties do not have leg extensions or are placed too short. The term is often used in its plural form. It can be divided into different types by looking at the criteria such as the covering ratio of the back, the thickness of the sides and the height they are worn. Whatever these categories are, they are not quite separate from each other and usage may differ slightly depending on the preference of the brands.
Types
In some models, the elastic band is at waist level and covers the entire butt part. Classical versions, on the other hand, lower the sides with the hips. In the French sections (high cut), the side depths are slightly narrower.
Boyleg briefs (man's shorts cut) are inspired by the men's variant and use short leg cuts that go down after the crotch. Control panties, on the other hand, are a special type and are usually produced for support and slimming purposes. These generally use a material that narrows and compresses (like spandex), and these types generally climb over the waist. The Hispter variants are similar to the classic variants, but the elastic banded top is worn at the hip level, that is, lower. Bikinis are also worn at hip level, but the fabric on the sides is narrower. In string bikinis, the elastic band is in the form of only one rope and the sides are the least in size in this sense.
The part of the bikini that covers the butt is not as big as the classic panties. In thongs, the back part is completely closed, but the elastic band goes around the top as a mere rope. In İpkinile, there is an elastic band consisting of rope like thongs, but the butt does not close completely, as in thongs. The groin area is connected to a thin rope extending between the butt. Until recently, women's underwear was produced in such a way as to comply with the organic movements of the body, and there was no other purpose. In the 1940s, the Fredericks of Holloywood brand opened its first shop in Hollywood, where it began selling trendy corsets and lacy undergarments. In lingerie, this new style had a greater erotic significance and became more radiant with the help of mannequins in the shape of Bettie Page. Colorful, bright, sexy and more imposing women's underwear designs emerged.
Different fabrics such as cotton, satin, lace and silk started to be used in the production of women's underwear, which made women want these underwear more and find themselves more attractive with these underwear. At this point, panties ceased to be simple hygiene products and began to be perceived as universal symbols of pleasure and sexuality. In the 1960s, human beings pursued conformity and welfare to the female anatomy, and there was a return to the old ladies' underwear schools. In fact, female anatomy was misunderstood due to the censorship of the subject. Some have argued that classic women's underwear limits and spoils the appearance of women. This movement enabled many women to look at their underwear with a new eye, and underwear with a more natural harmony began to be produced.
Slip is a type of short, body-fitting underwear, underwear and swimwear.[1] Slips often extend along the pelvis, up to the groin and hips.[2] It can be worn by both men and women. It has a variety of different styles with a fabric-attached waistband.[3] Swimming panties and shorts are a variation used as a swimsuit.
Lingerie is the term for women's underwear. The French word derives from 'lin' meaning underwear.[1][2] Although it is used in French to mean underwear for both genders, in English it is only used to mean women's fashion underwear (with erotic looking, materials typically; Lycra, nylon, polyester, satin, silk). It is generally not used for products that use cotton.[3]
Lingerie's content has become attractive relatively recently.[4] In the first half of the 20th century, women chose underwear for three major purposes; to alter their shape (first corsets and then period or bras), for sanitary reasons, or for chastity. Women's underwear was generally large and bulky. As the 20th century progressed, underwear became smaller and more it became available. In the 1960s, 'controversial' lingerie manufacturers, such as Frederick's of Hollywood, began to make underwear look more attractive than it actually was, and the idea that the lingerie had sexual appeal developed.[5]
The lingerie industry has expanded in the 21st century with twice as many designs as outerwear.[6] In French it's called 'dessous-dessus' actually basically underwear like outerwear. Faire Frou Frou Boutique (antique word 'show off') heralds this philosophy of lingerie by saying that its category is accessories.[7]
In 2003, the global lingerie market was estimated at $29 billion. In 2005, bras represented 56 percent of the lingerie market and panties 29 percent.[8] USA Victoria's Secret, the largest underwear retailer in the United States, operates almost exclusively in North America, but the European market is dominated by Chantelle, Triumph International and DB Apparel.
Lingerie types
Baby-doll
Bustier
Camisole
Dudou
Neglije
Another
Yếm
Bikini
Monokini
Mikrokini
Tankini
Trikini
Sling swimsuit
French short pants
Panty corset (girdle)
Boxer shorts
Panties
Thong
Claw panties (top pants)
String (G-string, C-string)
Corsage
Corset
Corset
Nightly
Playsuit
petticoat
Teddy
Garter
Gambaletto
Pantyhose
Nylons
Another
Boudoir
Farmer
Cemis
Crinoline
hoop petticoat
Ring skirt
Freedom corset
Panyer
Pantalette
Underskirt
Small pants
Jupiter
Body stocking
Fishnet socks
Body suit
Zentai
Skort or short skirt is a type of skirt that covers the front of a micro-short that is often worn underneath. Some of the shorts under the zort are designed as an integral part of the zort.[1] Such scores are often used for tennis, etc. It is preferred in sports branches based on effort.
History
The word "Skort" is a twisted compound word formed by combining the English words skirt (English: Skirt) and shorts (English: Short). The word is used in an idiomatic sense in some regions. While a score is a close apparel to some garments that look like short pants and are sold as skirt trousers, the purpose of a score is to make the garment look like a skirt. Scots are separated from trousers and shorts by their wide cut from the waist down.
Skorts are especially important in activities that require effort and peace such as sports, gardening, cleaning and cycling; It is designed to provide comfort to its users and to create a skirt look.
Montgomery Ward has designed this garment, which she calls "skort", in her 1959 spring-summer creation. Skort was conceived at this time as a type of shorts consisting of an accordion and a pleated top fabric. However, over the years, Sorgut; Shorts began to be used as a pair of skirt-shorts prepared with a wing fabric covering the back of the shorts in order to show them as skirts. Continuing to change its meaning, this term has become a term used for all types of skirts that combine with shorts in recent years.
Score in women's sports
Skort is popular in sports such as field hockey, tennis, golf, bowling and kamogye, which are enjoyed by the ladies. In addition, courts are an important component of athletic uniforms.
Called as a "Q" skirt or "skort" by the women's clothing brand Leon Levin, this soft-lined skirt became popular among female tennis players in the 1960s, as it gave a wide range of movement to its wearers.
Short women's shorts are the type of trousers that define the ultimate short shorts. This term was first used by Women's Wear Daily in 1970 to describe shorts made in luxurious fabrics such as velvet and satin.[1] They were then associated with the sex industry in the mid-1970s. However, trousers remain popular as club wear in the 2010s and are often worn in the entertainment industry, particularly by cheerleaders and backup dancers.[2]
Mini skirt is the general name given to short skirts above the knee cap. Dating back to the 14th century BC, the miniskirt gained popularity in the 1960s. The "banana dress" used by Josephine Baker in the performances in the 1920s is considered one of the first examples of the contemporary mini skirt.
Micro skirt
Denim micro skirt
Micro skirt is very short, a type of skirt shorter than a mini skirt
Stop. The micro skirt exposes the lower part of the hips if no other dress is worn underneath. To avoid this, it can be worn with tights or shorts.
Fundoshi (褌) is a traditional Japanese men's underwear made from long cotton. II. Before World War II, fundoshi was the traditional underwear of Japanese adult men. However, with the introduction of new underwear to the Japanese market after the war, its use rapidly declined.
Today, fundoshi is not mainly used as underwear, but is used at the Hadaka Matsuride festival or sometimes as a swimsuit.
The jockstrap (also known as jock, jock strap, thong, brace, or athletic brace) is an undergarment that supports the male genitalia during cycling, intercourse sports, or other vigorous physiological activities. A jockstrap consists of a belt (usually elastic) with an auxiliary holster for the genital area and two elastic straps attached to the base of the pouch and to the left and right sides of the waistband at the hip.
The jockstrap is most commonly worn for athletic purposes in the northern United States.
Panties are a type of underwear worn by ladies.
The panties were originally designed to cover the lower half of a woman's torso,[1] and since the 1970s the panties have only grown to cover the genital area and surrounding area.
Panties can be fitted or loose. Typical components include an elastic waistband, a crotch panel that covers the genital area.[2]
Panties are made from a variety of materials such as cotton, lace, latex, leather, lycra, nylon, polyvinyl chloride, polyester, rawhide, satin, and silk. Panties typically originate from two parts. It is joined by seams on the crotch and sides. An additional gusset is usually located at the crotch, the waistband and leg openings are made of elastic.[3]
20. Until the turn of the century, panties were large, full-cut panties, often white cotton and purely utilitarian, not designed for visual appeal. In the second half of the 20th century, comforting panties for human sexuality led to a great change.
Contents
1 Styles
2 Bibliography
3 See also
4 Galleries
Styles
Panties are classified into various styles based on criteria such as the amount of back closure, width at the sides, and height at which they are worn. These categories are not necessarily different, and usage may explain differences between brands:
Adhesive panties are sometimes described as strapless panties. It is a form of micro panties that covers the bare minimums in the front and back. They are useful when women do not want the panty line to be visible.[4]
Bikinis sit at the hips like hipsters, except that the fabric of the side sections is narrower. With the drawstring bikini type, the sides are completely eliminated and the waist only consists of a string-like material.
Boyshorts get it because of their resemblance to the boxer shorts, which are the pants variation. Some are similar to man's briefs with flapper and contrast trim. Unlike men's briefs, this style is usually low cut. Men's shorts usually cover most of the hips.[5]
The slip rises to the waist or just below the navel and provides full protection at the back.
Cheekies can be styled in the front as a hipster, bikini or man shorts. It is designed in the back to hug the hips.[6] They have a seam or ridge to allow the fabric to partially fit between the cheeks.[7] They leave the outer 1/3 to 1/2 of each cheek exposed and often have a lace or scalloped trim.
Hipsters are worn on the lower body with the waistband flat on the hips.
Thongs provide moderate to minimal coverage with less back coverage than a bikini, and the waistband is reduced to a narrow strip at the sides.
Strings have a thong-like waistband, only the back protection is mostly cut.
A bra is a garment used by women to cover, support and lift the breast and breasts. Although it is generally considered as underwear, it is also considered as a basic garment, especially since it determines the body lines of the wearer. It was developed at the end of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century and took the place of the corset. It is the most widely used underwear for the upper body part almost anywhere in the world.
The bra is used to shape and support the breasts during daily activities. Special bras in the form of sports bras are designed to provide extra support during exercise. Some users believe that using a bra will protect the breasts from sagging in the future.
Contents
1 History
1.1 Contouring Bra
1.2 Support Bra
1.3 Low-cut Bra
1.4 Nursing Bras
1.5 Sports Bras
1.6 Stra
plez Bra
1.7 Bustier
1.8 Sexy Bra
2 Bibliography
3 External links
4 See also
History
Modern bra
Historical bra
Women have used a variety of clothing since ancient times to cover, support and lift the breasts. In some Minoan paintings from the 7th century BC, some female athletes are seen wearing contemporary bra-like outfits.
16. After the century, the common wear in the underwear of wealthy women has been the corset that raises the breasts. At the end of the 19th century, designers tried to make the corset more useful by dismantling it: Choosing a constrictor belt for the lower body, corsets and devices for the upper body that hang the chest over the shoulder.
In the United States of America, Mary Phelps Jacob received a patent on November 3, 1914 for the first bra design that is considered the basis of contemporary bras.[1] Although not widely produced until the 1930s, clothing more reminiscent of the civilized bra emerged in the early 20th century. This circuit later replaced the bra corset and became a million dollar industry with its production and sale. Over time, the bra has become a fashion element as well as functionality.
It is useful to examine the bras model by model. Although they were used as breast lifters and shapers in the 19th and 20th centuries, it would be more accurate to categorize the use of these products today.
Contouring Bra
Bandeau
Support Bra
Low-cut Bra
Sports Bras
Strapless Bra
Bustier
Sexy bra
Bralette
Men's bra
Nursing bra
Training bra
Sports bra
Wonderbra
Underwire bra
Contouring Bra
It is a bra that helps to recover messy, unstyled and saggy breasts.
Support Bra
It is a bra model used to give small breasts a big view. Bras with push-ups to mark the breasts as a body larger and more upright in the bra cup; It is called push-up, silicone or supported bra.
Decollete Bra
It is the type of bra used to bring out the bust lines.
Breastfeeding Bras
It is a bra model in which pregnant mothers can protrude their nipples without removing the bra during breastfeeding.
Sports Bras
Special bras in the form of sports bras are designed to provide extra support during exercise.
Strapless Bra
It is the general name given to strapless bra models.
Bustier
It is a stunning, eye-catching, embroidered top with or without straps used by women in their clothes.
Sexy Bra
It is the name given to fantasy bra models that add provocativeness and charm to the bra.
Zentai (ゼンタイ in Japanese) is a tight-fitting garment used to cover the entire skin.[1] It was formed by combining the words Zenshin taitsu (全身タイツ) ("body tights").[2] It is mostly produced using nylon/lycra blends.[3]
Legal restrictions
Due to the zentai covering the whole face, those who use it in public are fined €150 in France. In addition, some sports clubs are prohibited from using it in teams such as Major League Baseball.[4]
A bodysuit is a one-piece form of clothing that covers the body and crotch and cannot be used as a swimsuit. A basic bodysuit style is similar in a one-piece swimsuit and a leotard, although the materials vary. Unlike a swimsuit, the body suit has hooks or Velcro at the crotch.[1] It can come in a shirt sleeve, variable shoulder straps, and collar styles. Body suits, cotton, lace, nylon etc. It can be made from a set of fabrics, including Generally, textile garments contain expandable fiber such as lycra to better conform to the shape of the body.[2]
Normally a garment is worn with trousers or a skirt. The top can be used as a top for the soft line that the body part gives, or as a top because it won't get stuck with trousers or skirts. They can also be worn as lingerie, sportswear or basic clothing, usually by ladies.[3] Unlike a leotard, bodywear is not often considered a form of sportswear. For toddlers, toddlers, and some adults, there are body suits (or swimsuits) that help keep diapers (or diapers) in place. The purpose of the opening in the crotch is to facilitate access to a baby's diaper or to go to the WC.
Mesh socks are fishnet socks made of widely spaced knits or knots. It is a type of open, different patterned ladies socks. It is mostly used as a tool for body stockings, stockings, tights, gloves.[ 1] Fishnet is available in a multitude of colors, but many times it is sported in the traditional matte black. Fishnet stockings are often worn on the legs and arms by practitioners of goth and punk fashion.[2] Often considered a sexy outfit, it can serve as a component of sexual fetishism (often foot and stocking fetishism) typically practiced by men.
Body stocking is a type of women's one-piece stocking worn on the body. It covers the torso, legs and occasionally arms of the wearer. It is usually taken from a transparent fabric similar to nylon stockings or pantyhose, or from a fishnet, lace or opaque material.[1]
In most cases, body stockings are made of sheer fabric and are worn with or without underwear, such as a bra.[2]
Contents
1 Date
2 Galleries
3 See also
4 Resources
History
The origin or construction of the body stocking is uncertain.
An example of her first striking use is the American actress Adah Isaacs Menken in the 1861 play Mazeppa, adapted from Byron's "Mazeppa." He played the Ukrainian man who was tied naked to the wild horse by his enemies. Menken caused controversy by creating an illusion by wearing skin-colored body stockings to prevent his body from being seen in the scene.[3][4]
Body stockings were also used in our short film The Birth of the Pearl in 1901 in tableau vivant style.[5] An unnamed long-haired young model posing facing the front in tan body stockings[6] and provocatively displaying her female body.[7]
Pantalette was the leg-covering underwear worn by ladies, girls, and very young men from the early to mid-19th century.
Pantalette originated in France in the early 19th century and quickly spread to England and the United States. Pantalette was in the form of a tights, tights or long drawer. They can be one piece or two separate dresses, one for each leg, fastened at the waist with buttons or laces. The crotch was left open for hygiene reasons. They were most often white linen and could be decorated with tufts, lace, cuts, or broderie anglaise.[1]
Ankle-length pantaletites for women were worn under a crinoline and ring skirt to ensure the legs were modestly covered if exposed. Until the middle of the 19th century, very young men often wore suits, aprons, and pantalines, often associated with girls' clothing. Young men would dress this way, at least until they were toilet trained.
The ring skirt or malakov is a women's clothing that can be seen in various periods when the skirt was designed more fluffy by enlarging it with hoops. During the English Tudor Dynasty, ring skirts were called fartingeyl.
Above: Minoan statuette, 1600 BC. Verdugada, 1470s.
Middle: Farthingale, 1600s. Panty skirts, 1750-80.
The ring skirt emerged as a simple-scale mechanism to increase the distance between the legs of the individual and the long skirt. The main purpose of the skirt is to prevent the skirt from opening during many activities and to provide cooling in hot climates. Small ringlets are thought to have been uncovered by farmers working in the garden. Accordingly, the rings have become a fashion product over time, and the size of the rings has gradually increased in order to reflect the magnificence.[1]
The ring skirt is a style used with a petticoat. The petticoat contained in these skirts was molded by materials such as basket willow, hardened rope, whalebone and steel until the mid-20th century. Since the second half of the 20th century, the rings have been manufactured using mostly nylon.[2][3]
Ring skirts have been called various names in various periods:
Farthingale (verdugado in Spanish) (16th era)
Panier (cube) or side ring (18th century)
Krinoline or crinolet (second half of the 19th century)
Today, lightweight hoop skirts are often made with petticoats made of nylon and are worn under long-skirted wedding dresses. This style can occasionally be found in gothic fashion. Reconstructed looped skirts are still one of the most typical pieces of costumes designed by living history buffs (hobbyists of the American Civil War, etc.).
Çemis is a women's clothing item. It is a knitted underwear shirt with straps covering the hips. It is worn under a dress or as pajamas.[1] As lingerie, çemis is similar to baby-doll and petticoat.[2]
A modern petticoat is usually a lady's garment. There are rarely versions for men.
Tarlatan is a kind of fabric that has been given a certain violence and is used to inflict violence on some clothes. Also, just after the waist, to prevent the skirts from dragging,
It is worn under the coat. The multitude of rings inside makes the garment look more fluffy.
The boudoir is a form of lingerie hat popularly worn in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In its original form, the boudoir letterhead was worn on unpeeled hair. Especially towards the end, the neglije is designed to be worn with nightgowns or nightgowns in the privacy of the bud.[1] It is usually made of lightly lingerie-type fabrics such as muslin or net and decorated with silk ribbon and lace. In the late 1920s and into the 1930s, the boudoir cap evolved into a decorative hairpin.[2]
Nylons are polyamide-based synthetic fiber invented by American firm DuPont chemist Wallace Hume Carothers. Nylons differ in color, design and transparency.[1] Today, nylon stockings are most often worn with medium length or short skirts, primarily for fashion and a good sense.
When the melted polyester sticks were pulled apart, a silk-like substance that could stretch without breaking was revealed. However, because polyester melted quickly, it was not suitable for use in making clothes. With DuPont using polyamide instead of polyester, the nylon thread we know was produced in 1938, and the first nylon stockings were produced by the same company a year later. In May 1940, when the first sale was made, the amount of socks consumed in four days was 4 million. Afterwards, II. With World War II, the Du Pont company started to use nylon for parachutes, ropes and tents.
Seamed-back nylon stockings, produced by combining layers of nylon, were found extremely attractive. The ladies, who could not find stitched nylon stockings, started to draw a seam line from top to bottom with charcoal and eyeliner on the back of their legs. [2]
Lycra socks, which were started to be used by mixing silk thread in the 1960s, when pantyhose also appeared, were more elastic, light and elegant looking.
Contents
1 Terminology
2 Galleries
3 Bibliography
4 See also
Terminology
Other terms used with nylon stockings include:
Yarn numbering system: The lower the denier number, the more transparent the garment.
Fishnet socks: They are very wide open knit knitted socks resembling a fish net.
Football socks: typically made of heavy cotton or a thick, durable composite fabric that reaches the knee.
Over the knee socks and knee socks.
Garter belt - a belt with straps to keep socks in place.
Ultra sheer outfit: A thin denier outfit that gives the ultimate transparency.[3]
Suspenders are elastic straps used to keep socks from slipping above or below the knee. It was translated into Turkish from the French word jarretière. It was widely used in Western civilization, especially at the beginning of the 20th century. The use of pantyhose decreased after its invention.[citation needed]
In some Western countries, it is customary for brides to have one old, one new, one borrowed and one blue item on their wedding day. Many brides prefer garters as a blue item.[1] The garter, which can be easily hidden at the bottom of the wedding dress, has found a new area of use thanks to this tradition.
Teddy (also known as camiknicker) is a garment that covers the torso and groin within an outfit. It is a style of dress similar to a one-piece swimsuit or bodysuit, but typically looser and more sheer. The garment is worn by pressing the leg holes and pulling up to close the garment. It may cover all or part of the torso and may also cover the arms. They can be opened at the crotch by being used with a nightstand, without the need to remove all clothing. As an underwear, it combines the functions of camisole and panties and can be preferred to avoid a visible panty line. It is also available as underwear.[1]
The petticoat is a women's underwear worn under a dress or skirt.[1] It usually hangs from the shoulders with narrow straps and extends from the chest to the hemline. Jumpsuits are usually worn to prevent the appearance of underwear such as panties or bras.[2]
Playsuit is a lingerie item consisting of a design that is joined to the top half, like a negligee, and to the bottom half, like panties or shorts. The Playsuit is also available as a main outfit type, however. Usually a shorter version of overalls was popular in the 1970s and was often made of silky fabrics for evening wear, jersey and terrycloth for casual summer wear. Since 2006, overalls and cat clothing have resurfaced in the mainstream.[1]
A nightgown is a garment intended to be worn while sleeping. Longer than most regular shirts, reaching below the hips or below the knees, some b leaves the legs bare. It is generally slack to avoid restricting the wearer's movements while sleeping. Until the 16th century, men slept naked or in a daytime T-shirt; Later, a night shirt of varying quality was worn in bed.[1] In the 16th century, nobles wore embroidered shirts or "tattoo evening shirts". By the 19th century, the evening dress was more like a loose, turn-down collar day shirt or a loose, ankle-length nightgown.[2] It's too easy to mix up a nightgown with a men's shirt, as these also tend to be long. Until the middle of the 19th century, evening dresses were often worn with a bed hat.
The corset is a type of plate armor that historically covers the body.
In women's wear, a corset or a corsetlet is a type of basic garment that shares elements of both bras and girdles. It extends from the straps above the shoulders down the torso to rest on the top of the legs. It may include lace in the front or back. As lingerie, a corset can be in an overt style (with suspenders) or panty style.[1]
Corset is an elastic underwear that women usually use to look skinny. It can also be used to keep the body in order in cases such as herniated disc, worn on the neck in order not to be damaged by any impact.
Corsage is an article of clothing for women and girls that wraps the body from neck to waist. In modern usage, it typically refers to a particular type of top dress common in Europe between the 16th and 18th centuries, or the upper part of a contemporary garment to distinguish it from the hem and cuffs. The term comes from a double body (because the dress was originally made of two pieces that were tied together by tightly tying).[1]
String is a garment usually worn as underwear or swimwear in some countries. It can also be worn for traditional ceremonies or sports.
From the front, the thong typically resembles a bikini bottom, with the material being minimized in the back only. Strings are almost always designed to cover the genitals, anus and perineum, leaving some or most of the stern and hips.[1] The back of the garment typically originates from a thin waistband and a thin strip of material designed to be worn within the hips, connecting the middle of the waistband with the lower part of the garment. It is also used as a descriptive term for other types of clothing, such as a one-piece bodysuit, body stocking, leotard or one-piece swimsuit, in the context of "thong backed".[2]
One type of string is the G-string, whose backing consists only of a (usually elasticized) string.[3] The two terms G-string and string are often used interchangeably; however, they can refer to different pieces of clothing. String comes in various styles depending on the thickness, material or type of the back of the fabric and can be used for both men and women all over the world.
Contents
1 Design and variety
1.1 Women's strings
1.2 Men's strings
2 Bibliography
3 See also
Design and variety
Women's strings
T-back
C-string
Cheeky
T-front
Male strings
Kaupinam
Fundoshi
Jockstrap
Dance belt
Spring waist dresses Back Sides
Strap Tie
G-string T, string Underwear - string back
Thong triangle Underwear - triangle back
V Underwear - V back
String types include traditional thong, G-string, and C-string. It has full rear coverage and a number of spacer types on the back. As designs become more risky, there are types that aim to reveal genitalia as much as they hide them.[4] Other styles include Cheeky, V-string, T-front and T-back. The naming of thong intermediate styles is controversial, with different vendors using the words interchangeably. Strings are available in a wide variety of materials including silk, latex, cotton, microfiber, satin, nylon and lycra/spandex. There are also new designs for both genders that feature shapes to fit the genitals or provide humorous visual effects.[5]
The most important distinction between strings designed for men and women is the shape of the front of the garment. Usually, but not always, strings for men have a vertical seam to create shape and space for the male genitalia and may be made of an elastic material for an ergonomic fit.[6] The equivalent part in female strings is normally straight and flawless. However, the fabric is usually thicker in the area it covers the vulva.
Claw panties are women's clothing items. As the name suggests, they are a type of shorts. paw panties, tracksuit shorts It provides freedom of movement and can be worn as an outer garment over other types of underwear.[1]
Trikini is a three-piece garment used as a beach wear.[1] Bikini parts are often combined with a narrow element located in the front area. This combination can be from the same fabric, different materials, or a combination of both.
In response to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on fashion, a new trikini variant has been designed for the body, featuring a two-piece and harmonious face mask.[2]
Tankini is a type of swimsuit with straps. It is mostly made of cotton, lycra and nylon. Tankinis come in a variety of styles, colors, and shapes, some of which also feature bras.[1] A camisole-like tankini with spaghetti straps is called a camkini. Tankinis are recommended as an option for women who have had a mastectomy. Tankinis that sometimes split anteriorly, revealing the navel, are available for pregnant women.
Microkini is one of the swimwear and bikini types. There are designs available for both women as well as men. He usually uses just enough fabric to cover the genitals.[1] Any additional straps are only to keep the garment attached to the wearer's body. Some variations of microkini use glue or wire to hold the fabric in place on the genitals. These designs do not require any additional side straps to hold the garment in place.[2] These designs do not require any additional side straps to hold the garment in place. The most radical variations of Mikrokini simply have thin straps.
The monokini is a one-piece swimsuit, commonly known as a topless bikini. Mostly, the bikini is used only with the horse wearing. It was designed by Rudi Gernreich for the first time in 1964, but with a short, narrow bottom and two thin straps, it was the first topless women's swimsuit.[1][2]
Yếm is a traditional corsage formerly worn by Vietnamese ladies and used as lingerie.
Baska is women's clothing. Initially, long-tailed corsets or jackets were referred to. In contemporary usage, it simply means a long lingerie and bra.[1]
Baska was a traditional element of Basque costumes. Initially, this factor was used in men's clothing, and soon after it moved to women's clothing.
Neglije is a type of transparent dress and nightgown for women.[1] Neglije is worn as a light and peaceful evening or morning dress. Neglije first appeared in France in the 18th century.[2]
A soft and pleasant fabric should be used as a base for Neglije. Lace, silk, chiffon and other fabrics can be used.
Eveningwear A loose mattress dress or nightgown worn almost only by women today. Nightgowns are made of cotton, silk, satin, satin or nylon and can be embellished with lace appliqués or embroidery on the bust and hem.[1]
The nightgown can have any collar and have any type of sleeves, it can be sleeveless and in any shoulder strap or back style. Nightgown length can range from hip length to floor length. A short nightgown may be called a "shortie" or "baby-doll" depending on the style.[2] Evening dress can range from a petticoat to a full circle sweep almost immediately. Can be used as a nightgown, nightgown or full liner. Nightgowns can be worn with a suitable outer dress, a bathrobe, sheer chiffon or dressing gown, making them suitable for receiving guests.[3
Rob-dress, dressing-gown[note 1] or dressing gown[note 2], a top, dressing gown that is often worn when getting out of bed in the morning.[1]
It is worn over pajamas, it has a belt at the waist to cover the front. Dressing gowns with exclusive designs 18-19. YY. It stands out in men's clothing in Europe. Today, this comfortable outfit, which is produced from various fabrics for the purpose of "morning clothes", is worn by both men and women.
Bedding is clothing designed to be worn while sleeping. Worn clothing can vary with the seasons, being worn in warmer conditions in cooler conditions and vice versa. Some styles or materials are chosen for their functional purpose as well as being visually appealing or erotic.[1][2]
Nights include:
Onesie: An all-in-one footed garment worn by adults, but usually made of cotton and marketed in different brands, that fits a baby suit or a children's blanket.
Baby-doll: A short, occasionally sleeveless, loose-fitting nightgown or dressing gown for women, often designed to resemble a young girl's nightgown.
Blanket: A warm sleeping bag for babies and toddlers.
Chemise: Similar to baby underwear, only tighter at the hips, often provocative, loose-fitting, sleeveless, shirt-like underwear.
Neglije: Usually
Loose romantic evening wear and bows for ladies made of transparent or translucent fabrics and trimmed with lace or other fine materials.
Bed cap: A warm cloth cap, sometimes worn by ladies or men as pajamas or nightgowns.
Evening wear: Loosely hanging nightgowns for ladies, usually made of cotton, silk, satin, or nylon.
Evening shirt: Loose clothes that are longer than a regular shirt.
Pajamas: Two-piece clothing suitable for women, men and children. They can be made of cotton, silk, satin or composite materials.
Dressing gown: A long outer garment, mostly sheer and made of chiffon, for women. They are usually sold with a matching nightgown, dressing gown, or panty.
In Turkish culture
Kazakhs call nightwear (in a sense, pajamas) "Jadagay" (Turkish "Yatakay" in connection with the root Jad/Cat/Yat).[3][4]
Uzbeks call it "Tunlik" (Turkish "Tünlük" in connection with the word Tün: Gece).[5]
Castle is a type of sleeveless underwear. It is usually made of satin, nylon or cotton.[1] It is actually a light and shortened version of the combination. Camisole can be worn as a piece of underwear and in some cases as a piece of outerwear.[2][3]
Bustier, (French: bustier) women's jacket, etc. Strapless or strapless underwear made of striking, eye-catching, embroidered fabric used in clothing.[1] Often used by athletes. Because it is comfortable and does not make it difficult to move. The bustier, which is generally designed and sold as a set, can also vary according to the fashion and design type.
A baby-doll is a type of short sleeveless evening dress or neglije. It is designed as a nightwear for women.[1] The garment is often embellished with lace, ruffles, appliqués, bows, and ribbons.[2]
Sometimes it is made of nylon, chiffon, silk, sheer or translucent fabric.
A shirt is a garment that combines the features of a dress shirt and a dress. Usually these dresses are made of cotton or silk fabrics, such as men's shirts.[1] These dresses generally have a looser fit and rely on the belt to define the waist. Button fronts make the dress a pretty sight for most body types.[2]
Spectator shoes; It's a shoe style. They are Anglo-Saxon shoes with fabric inserts.[1] First presented in 1890, it was only in the 1920s and 1930s that they reached their peak of popularity. Common color combinations include black, brown, and a white shoe body.
Sneakers or Sneakers are a type of shoe worn during sports activities. Fitness fashion, sports fashion is an important part of sportswear. It is especially worn in physiological activities such as football, volleyball, running, and matches.
When the first rubber-soled shoes were made by the Keds brand in 1917, Henry Nelson McKinney, one of the famous advertisers of the time, called this new style of soundless shoe "sneaker". Sneaker is derived from the English word "sneak" (in silence, secretly). Of course, there is not much similarity between those first sneakers and the sneakers that are on everyone's feet now. These first produced sneakers were an innovation of the shoes that were created in the 1800s to catch criminals in peace.
Sneakers first became popular with the Converse brand. In 1923, Converse All-Star shoes quickly became popular, as they were worn by basketball player Chuck Taylor. Nowadays, brands such as Adidas, Nike, Puma and Tommy Hilfiger rather than Converse are prominent names in sneaker culture. Still, one of the most preferred is Converse's All-Star model. Many brands produce similar models of this model. Adopted as one of the brands that dominate the market, Adidas is one of the most preferred products. It mostly sells the Adidas Superstar model. Adidas has accomplished two sneaker revolutions.
Adidas, founded in 1924 by German shoemaker Adolf "Adi" Dassler, produced the highest quality athletic shoes of that time. When the famous athlete Jesse Owens won four gold medals in Adidas shoes at the 1936 Olympics, athletes all over the world began to wear Adidas. But in the 1950s, these shoes became a part of popular culture the moment James Dean was dressed in sneakers in our Rebel Teen movie.
Popular culture and sneakers
With the advent of hip-hop music in the eighties, the popularity of sneakers skyrocketed. Run-DMC, one of the pioneers of hip-hop music and one of the most popular bands of the era, was on stage with Adidas brand sneakers and tracksuits at every concert. Adidas' sales exploded when its clips began to be broadcast on MTV, and for the first time in the world, a shoe brand sponsored a music group. Run-DMC launched "My Adi" in 1986 to show their love for Adidas. das". Afterwards, sneakers became a part of our daily lives and Adidas' "Superstar" model is still preferred among hip-hop groups.
Sneakers have evolved together over time. For example; In Nike's "Air Force" model, the sole of the shoe is filled with air to give comfort to the foot. Another example; Reebok's "Pump" sneakers. "Pump" model sneakers produced for basketball had a "pump" and when your feet got tired, you could fill the sole with air by pressing the pump. When athletes like Michael Jordan and Andre Agassi, who are popular among young people, wore such sneakers, these models also managed to become a "trend". Sneakers are also worn in sports such as skateboarding and BMX.
Recent Years
Sneakers are no longer as comfortable as they used to be. Today, new materials are used. In this way, better quality, light and healthy sneakers can be produced. The temperature inside the shoes can exceed 40 degrees Celsius and the humidity inside can reach up to 100%. These new materials are the solution to this problem. Some of the new sneakers have a special gel on their soles. When this "gel" is 1 to 2 cm thick, it can absorb the impact of an egg falling from 4 to 6 meters on it and prevent it from breaking.
Sneaker culture, which is growing faster and faster, is also spreading in Turkey. All kinds of sneakers of all brands can now be found in Turkey. Along with this popularity, a new word is used for sneaker shoes in Turkey: shoes. In fact, an old word, shoe, appeared on the streets of Istanbul and started to spread to every corner of the country thanks to the youth. With the spread of this culture, imitation and counterfeit sneakers of big brands have also become widespread.
Brands and Models
Popular brands; Adidas, Air Jordan, ASICS, Converse, Etnies, Fila, Hummel, New Balance, Nike, Onitsuka Tiger, PUMA, Reebok, Shaq, Skechers, Vans
Wrist part of sneakers can be wide, narrow, short or long. There are also varieties produced for different purposes.
Inline skates are a device with wheels attached to the section on the lower base. This tool, which is put on the foot, allows movement thanks to the small wheels under it. Today, it is used for many purposes such as sports, exercise and entertainment. Many companies produce roller skates in many different models and designs.
Date
Dutch people have been in the habit of moving on roller skates on the roads since the 18th century. The invention, obtained by attaching rollers made of wood to shoes, was called "Skeelers". Belgian musical instrument maker Joseph Merlin traveled to England in 1760 and introduced his new invention, roller skating, at an elite meeting in London. He won the attention and admiration of the guests by playing the violin and roller skating. But because he couldn't stop and turn, when he crashed into a mirror, the mirror and violin shattered, and he was seriously injured.
10 years after roller skating was invented in France in 1829, the first roller skate race was held in England. But the sport became popular after New Yorker James L. Plimpton invented the rubber-cushioned quad roller skate in 1863. The wheels of the first skates were made of boxwood and were easily broken. Later, steel roller skates were made that rotate in ball bearings.
The first roller skating rink opened in 1860 at the Atlantic Hotel in Newport, Rhode Island, USA. In the 1870s, roller skating rinks were built in various parts of the USA. In 1890, the world's largest circuit was opened at Olympia in West London. Runway flooring, asphalt or wood, is best made from hard maple wood. In various championships held in speed and figure skating, the maximum distance traveled by roller skates is 45 kilometers per hour, and the top speed reached is 60 kilometers per hour. The holder of this record belongs to Belgian Bart Swings.
The sport of roller skating first became popular in England in the 1870s. But this interest only lasted for a few years. The sport of roller skating, which found the greatest interest between 1909-12, almost disappeared with the development of cinema and the outbreak of World War I; It was only revived in 1929.
In the 1970s, skateboards, which look like tiny surfboards with wheels, were widely used by young people everywhere.
The roller shoe is a lightweight shoe. The wheels that protrude slightly from the heel allow the user to switch between walking and rolling.[1]
Here are a few tricks that can be done including pop wheels and spins.
Cloth shoes or Plimsoll shoes; It is a sneaker and sneaker style. Developed as beach shoes by the Liverpool Rubber Company (Dunlop Rubber) in the 1830s.[1] It is also called "keds", "keta" or "keda" according to the company "Keds" around the world.
Center them They have solid rubber soles with a thickness of 8 or 9 mm, to which the canvas is glued from the sides. The effect while running is similar to running without shoes.[2
Inline skates are a type of roller skates used in inline skating. Unlike four skates, which have two front and two rear wheels, skates typically have two to five wheels arranged in a single line.[1] Particularly recreational ones have a rubber "stop" or "brake" block attached to the back of one, or occasionally both, of the skates so that the skater can slow down or stop by leaning against the brake skate.
Creams are a kind of soccer shoe. Adidas, Sportaç, Nike, Lig, Lescon, Lotto, Umbro are famous companies in this sector. Many famous football players wear the boots of Nike and Adidas. The Adidas Mundial cleats, designed and produced by Adi Dassler, are the best selling football shoes in the world to date. As a Turkish company, Sportaç and Erdal companies produced the first football shoes. SPORTAÇ was producing leather cleats in 1970 and after stopping production for a while, it started to produce football shoes again.
Cycling shoes are cycling clothing and footwear designed for cycling. There are various designs depending on the type and density of the bike.[1] Key features include a more efficient transfer of power from the cyclist to the pedals, the method of firmly attaching the shoe to the pedal, and adaptability for use on and off the bike.[2] Most high-performance cycling shoes can be adjusted during use with a quick-adjust system that largely replaces the laces.[3]
A running shoe is a lightweight shoe designed specifically for long-distance running and cross-country running.[1] Season-specific models are available for different types of training.
Race shoes are lighter, have 4-6 spikes or "pins" (spiked shoes). These provide traction support on hills and slippery surfaces. They have less cushioning and less support than sneakers. They usually use a spring nail plate made of rubber or Pebax.
Climbing shoes are lightweight footwear designed specifically for climbing, alpinism and mountaineering.[1] Typical climbing shoes have a tight fit, almost no padding, and a smooth, sticky rubber sole with an extended rubber lug. Climbing shoes, which are not suitable for hiking and nature walking, are typically worn during climbing.[2]
Sailing shoes (also known as deck shoes) are boat shoes that are usually made of linen or leather and have a non-marking rubber sole. The groove shape of the sole of the shoe arises from the slits created to provide traction on the wet deck floor. The oil-treated leather part is designed to prevent water permeability and the seams of the shoe are highly durable. Sailing shoes are traditionally worn without socks.
Today's sailing shoes were invented by Paul Sperry in 1935 when he noticed his dog running on ice without slipping. Paul Sperry was inspired by the idea of making the perfect shoes for sailing, and with the help of a knife he made grooves in the sole of his shoe. This inspired him to found the company Sperry Top-Siders. Sperry Top-Siders is still a popular sailing shoe brand, alongside many other brands such as Sebago and Timberland.
Sailing shoes, as the name suggests, are used by sailors, but have been in vogue since the 1980s in countries such as the USA, Argentina, China, France, Portugal, Spain, and England. Some sailing shoes have traditional non-marking white soles, while many others have non-marking black soles. These shoes generally have moc toe (similar to loafers) structures.
A ballet shoe or ballet slipper is a lightweight shoe designed specifically for ballet dance.[1] It can be made of soft leather, canvas or satin. Traditionally, women wear pink shoes and men wear white or black shoes. Ballet boots and pointe shoes are also common.[2]
Swimming fins are diving equipment used in water sports activities, worn on the feet to support swimming in water and made of rubber, plastic or a combination of these materials.
Sari is the outer garment most commonly worn by women in India. The length of the fabric generally changes within three to five meters. Its appearance is bright, colorful and embroidered. Its production with silk cotton has been widespread for many years, but in recent years, with the changes in the textile world, it is also produced from a piece of compound fabric. This fabric, which is used by women, is wrapped around the body and the end is hung over the shoulder or covered over the head. From the 2nd century BC to the present day In the reliefs, it is seen that women and men who are naked above the waist wrap the sari around their hips and wrap it around their legs, forming a kind of fold in the front. If the pressures of the Muslim communities that captured the northern and middle parts of India in the 12th century are not counted, it cannot be said that the use of the sari has undergone a great change. Hindu ladies generally wear the saree over a short blouse and a skirt and fold the fabric into the skirt, thus giving the appearance of wearing a long skirt.[1]
A wrap dress is a dress with a front flap created by wrapping one side over the other and knotting the tied tie wrapped around the back at the waist or back buttons. This creates a V-shaped neckline and hugs the wearer's curves. The faux wrap dress is similar to this design but actually slid over the head except that it comes fastened without being opened beforehand. A wrap top is a top cut and done in the same way as a wrap dress, only without a skirt.[1]
The dress shirt is a type of shirt that is a component of a suit. It is a garment with a full length opening in the front and a collar.[1] fastened using buttons or shirt studs. A dress shirt is normally made of woven fabric and is usually accompanied by a tie, jacket, suit jacket or formal wear.[2]
Tights are a type of trousers that tightly wrap the legs. Although they are often made from a blend of lycra, nylon, cotton, and polyester, they can also be made from wool, silk, and other similar materials. They can be worn on their own or with a covering skirt, tights and shorts.
Yoga pants are elastic, fitted pants designed for physiological activities that involve a lot of movement, such as yoga or bending and stretching. They are mostly made of light and flexible materials such as cotton, lycra, nylon, polyester or similar. Although it is designed for yoga, it is also worn by many women in daily life.
Jeans are pants made of denim fabric. Jeans, as they are used today, were invented in 1871 by Jacob W. Davis and Levi Strauss & Co. Partnership,[1] patented by Davis and Levi Strauss in 1873. However, trousers made of blue colored denim were in use before this design was patented.[2]
Originally designed for miners, modern jeans were popularized by Marlon Brando and James Dean as casual wear in 1950s movies, most notably Blood Rush and Rebel Teens. Along with the denim jacket and denim tights, it has led to it becoming a symbol of rebellion among the youth, especially among members of many of their subcultures. From the 1960s on, jeans became common among various youth subcultures and younger members of the population. It is one of the most popular types of custom pants in Western culture today. Historic brands include Levi Strauss & Co., Lee, and Wrangler.
Sweater is a type of long-sleeved knitted winter clothing that is worn on the upper part of the body by passing through the head and ends at the waist level. It can be knitted from wool, synthetic fiber, cotton or a combination of these. Thick and woolly ones are useful to keep the body warm in difficult weather conditions in winter. The quality of the wool is reflected in the quality and price of the sweater, depending on the region where it is sheared and the animal. Among them, sweaters made from the wool of Shetland, Karakul and Merino sheep are the most popular ones.
Sweaters are worn by adults and children of all genders, often over a shirt, blouse, T-shirt, or other top.
According to the collar structure, there are Aran sweater, cardigan, Christmas sweater, Cowichan knit (knitted sweater), Guernsey sweater, vest sweater, turtleneck, jersey, mariusgenser, lusekofte, lopapeysa, turtleneck, crewneck, V-neck sweater types.
Pencil skirt is a type of narrow-cut skirt produced for rather thin-narrow bodies. Usually pencil skirts, which have a length above the knee or just above the index; It is more preferred on fit bodies. This type of skirt is called pencil skirt because it is long and narrow in pencil shape.[1][2]
Contents
1 Style
2 History
3 Wear
4 Bibliography
Style
Pencil skirts can be worn in harmony with both team dresses and can often be combined with separate outfits. The tight fit of this skirt may limit the mobility of the wearers. For this reason, slits are often used behind pencil skirts. More rarely, this slit can also be found on the side of the skirt. Sometimes, a fold (pili) that shows less skin can be used instead of the slit.
Pencil skirts are often worn with heels or high-heeled shoes over sheer stockings or tights.[3] Back-stitched socks are reminiscent of the pencil skirt fashion of the 1950s.[4]
Pencil skirts can be worn with informal combinations as well as formal wear. Tar this skirt
He gained a youthful appearance with the fashion trends of the 1960s and formed a whole with loafers.
History
Thin-narrow skirts are very old in Western fashion. The predecessor of the pencil skirt was the pocket skirts, a temporary fashion inspired by Russian ballet during the World War I. These narrow and long skirts have caused serious walking difficulties for their users.
The person who introduced the classic contemporary pencil skirt to the world is French designer Christian Dior. Dior presented the pencil skirt to the attention of its admirers in its fall-winter collection in 1954.[5]
Pencil skirts quickly found popularity and became one of the most important pieces of formal attire. In this, the Cold War and II. It is an important factor that fabric prices were affected by this situation in response to the increase in economic difficulties due to World War II. These skirts, which are made of fabric, have brought women's taste towards more economical and aesthetic designs.[6]
Wear
Pencil skirts, unlike loose skirts, affect the user's movements and posture. For this reason, those who wear pencil skirts prefer shorter steps; It is seen that he had difficulties while getting on or getting off the vehicles. Again, while sitting, the feet should be close to each other.
It must be very difficult to do activities such as climbing the stairs and riding a bicycle with a pencil skirt. However, pencil skirt is warmer than other skirts as it prevents air circulation, and for the same reason, it is less likely to be activated by the wind.[7]
To overcome the difficulty of walking with a pencil skirt, designers place an acceleration pleat or slit at the back of the skirt.
Cocktail dress is a type of dress.[1] This ergonomic and fashionable dress became a popular uniform for progressive elite ladies in the 1920s and was designed for cocktail party purposes. It originally came out during the prohibition of evening dress in America. With this garment, the popular Charleston dance in America was performed.
The cocktail dress is worn with heels, handbags and other accessories.[2][3] Currently, the cocktail dress is an integral part of the formal dress code for corporate events, family events, parties.[4]
Vest sweater is a type of sleeveless, sweater-like knitted fabric. It was popular in the UK in the 20th century, especially in the 1970s, and has grown in popularity again this century.[1]
Some of the most common sweater shapes are the "V-neck" and the crew neck, which looks like a T-shirt collar.[2]
A bow dress is a dress intended to be worn in warm weather. Typically, it is an informal or casual dress in a light fabric, most often cotton, and often loose-fitting. A sleeveless garment often has a wide neckline and thin shoulder straps. A sundress is typically worn without a top layer and is not typically worn over a blouse, sweater, or T-shirt.[1]
These can use a variety of closure types, including back zippers, side zippers, front buttons, back buttons, back ties, pullover or other closure styles.
The trench coat is a type of jacket made of waterproof, cotton gabardine drill, leather or poplin. It usually has removable thermal insulation lining and raglan covers.[1] Traditionally, they have double-breasted and wide collars with 10 front buttons, pockets with button closure. The traditional color of a trench coat was khaki, but new versions come in many colours.[2]
One-piece swimsuit is a type of swimsuit. It is worn while swimming in the sea or pool, playing water polo or when tanning.[1] Today, a one-piece swimsuit is a garment that covers the body, usually excluding the back or upper chest. Prior to the popularity of the two-piece swimsuit, lingerie, and bikini, nearly all women's swimwear covered the wearer's torso.[2]