Kültür Sanat Ajandası 3. Bölüm

Art, in its most general sense, is understood as the expression of creativity and imagination. Throughout history, ideas about what to call art have constantly changed, and new definitions have been created by introducing different restrictions to this broad understanding over time.[1] The most widely accepted among these definitions is the view that art consists of sub-genres of literature, painting, music, theatre, cinema, architecture and sculpture. Today, the term art can be used as a very simple and clear concept by many, and how art can be defined and even whether it can be defined is a matter of heated debate in academic circles.[2] The word art is generally used in the sense of visual arts. The current usage of the word, with the influence of Western culture, is close to the English word "art", but it is used in a broader sense among the people. Both the words "art" (artificial = artificial) in English,[3] "Kunst" in German (künstlich = artificial),[4] and the words "art" (artificial = artificial)[5] of Arabic origin in Turkish contain a meaning about artificiality. . Art started to get rid of this broad meaning during the Renaissance,[6] but the words craft and art continued to be used interchangeably until recently. In addition, after the Industrial Revolution, a distinction emerged between design and art.[7] In the 1950s and 1960s, a third line was drawn between popular culture and art that aroused controversy.[8] Defining art Dominant Form View Clive Bell, in his book named Art ('Art'), which he wrote under the influence of Cezanne in 1914, argued that art is the dominant form (significant form). According to Bell, not all forms fall into this category, because the important thing is the combination of line, shape and color relations among themselves.[9]:53 This view says that representation does not affect artistic taste. This view, which defines art as completely related to aesthetics, is not as effective today as it was at the time, as it did not include the works of artists such as Marcel Duchamp, Andy Warhol, and Joseph Beuys in the 20th century who did not produce aesthetic objects as we know them, and who gave importance to concepts rather than appearance.[10]:9-36 The View that Art is the Expression of Emotions R.G. Collingwood, in his book The Principles of Art, published in 1938, said that art is basically the creative expression or expression of emotions.[9]:62 Besides, he made a distinction between art and craft. Accordingly, while craft is the transformation of the material into a pre-designed end product in accordance with a plan, artistic activities do not require distinguishing between means and ends, between planning and execution. Besides, according to this view, art is not an expression of any emotion. This feeling has not been clarified until the moment it is expressed, and its expression must be an emotion that will cause it to be discovered. It also involves the audience in the research. This theory, too, cannot distinguish some activities that are not considered as art (for example, a psychotherapy session) from art, and since it does not cover some works that are considered as art (for example, paintings made in the Renaissance Period, not to reveal the feelings of the artist, but to arouse religious feelings), it has been replaced by a different theory. and even the failure of all these definition efforts started discussions about how correct it is to try to define art.[10]:60-64 The Neo-Wittgensteinian View It is the view that Morris Weitz put forward in 1956, based on Wittgenstein's views and his resistance to finding the essence of things. According to Weitz, theorists such as Fry and Bell, Tolstoy, Croce, and Collingwood could not go beyond expressing their personal artistic views in their definitions. To summarize the neo-Wittgensteinian view, art is an open concept and cannot be defined. However, according to Weitz, this should not pose a philosophical problem, since it is possible to make judgments about what is and cannot be art by using the method of family resemblance.[10]:65-86 Corporate Art View Institutional art theory, rejecting the Neo-Wittgensteinian view, argues that art can be defined. This idea was first developed by George Dickie in 1974.[9]:82 The first definition of Dickie was inspired by Arthur Danto's ideas of the art world as follows: A work of art: It is the conscious creation of a human hand or idea. The person or persons acting on behalf of a certain social institution (art world) must have reached a consensus about some parts of it and must be a candidate for acclaim.[9]:83-86 Evaluation of art Philosopher Richard Wollheim proposes three approaches to the aesthetic evaluation of art:[citation needed] Realistic approach, which assumes that aesthetic quality is an absolute value independent of human perspective. The objective approach, which argues that aesthetic quality is an absolute value, but depends on the perspective of the person. Aesthetic quality is not absolute and

relative approach, which says that the moment changes according to the point of view Classification of the Arts The arts have traditionally been literature (poetry, drama, story, etc.), visual arts (painting, drawing, sculpture, etc.), graphic arts (painting, drawing, design, and other forms applied to the surface), plastic arts (sculpture, sculpture, etc.). modelling), decorative arts (decoration, furniture design, mosaic, etc.), performing arts (theatre, dance, music), music (as composition), and architecture (including interior architecture).[11] These classifications have changed throughout history. In ancient Greece, art, unlike its current meaning, was grouped according to nine muses or muses, each of which symbolized and embodied a separate techne. No Muse is associated with the plastic arts (sculpture, painting). Here, techne can be roughly translated as art or means craft, and is also a term that encompasses scientific disciplines. Accordingly, the nine branches of art are as follows:[12] Epic poem, epic (Museum: Kalliope) History (Museum: Kleio) Music and lyric poetry (Music: Euterpe) Love poem (Museum: Erato) Tragedy (Museum: Melpomene) Hymn and panto (Museum: Polymnia) Dance and chorus (Museum: Terpsichore) Comedy and pastoral poetry (Museum: Thaleia) Astronomy (Museum: Urania) The modern distinction between artistic and non-artistic skills began to be made after the Renaissance. The first use of art in philosophy, close to its current meaning, appears in Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's Lectures on Aesthetics, where Hegel ranks the arts from the most material to the most expressive: The Taj Mahal, built 1632-1653, located in India. architecture Statue Picture Music Poem René Guénon classified arts as arts based on visual and auditory, according to the differences in life and ritual in nomadic and settled human communities. According to Guénon, settled people produced plastic arts (architecture, sculpture, painting) consisting of forms in space, while nomads produced phonetic arts (music, poetry) that spread over time.[13] Visual (plastic) arts: drawing, painting, ceramics, photography, architecture Phonetic (auditory) arts: Music, literature Hegel's list in Lectures on Aesthetics was particularly popular in France and was developed over time with additions and modifications. The first seven of the following ten items were popularized by film theorist Ricciotto Canudo, who wrote the "Seventh Art Manifesto" in 1923: Statue of David by the world famous Michelangelo. Statue of David by the world famous Michelangelo. architecture Statue Picture Music Literature (poetry and prose) Performing arts (dance and theater) Cinema and movie Media arts (radio, television and photography) Comic book Video games or digital art forms in general There are proposals for the 11th and 12th rows, such as multimedia and performance art, but there is no consensus on this. The French Ministry of Culture is also involved in discussions about "new" art classifications.[14] history Main article: History of art Although sculptures, cave and rock paintings dating back 40,000 years have been found, the meaning of these artifacts is not known exactly because we have little knowledge of the culture in which they were developed. Although the oldest known art object - a set of pierced snail shells - dates back 75,000 years, some 100,000 years old, possibly made for storing paint, have also been found.[15][16] Many works of art have been inherited from Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Iran, India, Ancient Greece, Rome, Inca, Maya and Olmec civilizations. Ancient Greek art focused on the representation of human physique in ideal proportions, and later on in Byzantium and Medieval Europe, biblical and religious motifs gained weight, and styles that glorified them were developed. The Renaissance developed techniques for depicting the physical world and systematically applying perspective to create a three-dimensional perception in painting. In the east, geometric shapes, calligraphy and architecture were concentrated on, as iconography was prohibited in Islamic Art. Religion also gave direction to artistic production in the Far East during these periods. While colorful sculptures and dance came to the fore in India and Tibet, religious paintings were also fed from these practices. In China, jewelry, bronze work, pottery, poetry, calligraphy, music, painting, theater developed, and artistic tendencies changed according to the first dynasty. With the Enlightenment in the 18th century, a rational, clockwork understanding of the universe developed in the West, and this was reflected in Blake's portrayal of Newton as a sacred geometer or David's propagandist paintings. Later, this left its place to 19th century artistic movements such as academic art, Symbolism, Impressionism, Fauvism, which emphasized emotion and individuality as a reaction. 20th century art history  It has been the century of endless artistic pursuits. Therefore, although the parameters of movements such as Impressionism, Expressionism, Fauvism, Cubism, Dadaism, Surrealism did not go much beyond the years they were invented, they influenced the later movements. From the second half of the century, modernism dominated culture, and as Theodor W. Adorno wrote in the opening sentence of his book The Theory of Aesthetics published in 1970, "what is now accepted without question is that nothing about art, not art itself, its relation to the world, nor that art's right to exist can be accepted without questioning."[17] Relativism was accepted as an inevitable reality, and this started the period of contemporary art and postmodern criticism.